Computer data system frees humans from routine error prone tasks

В 21:22 поступил вопрос в раздел Английский язык, который вызвал затруднения у обучающегося.

Вопрос вызвавший трудности

Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово
1. Computer data system frees humans from routine
error-prone tasks.
a) counting; b) computing: c),processing
2. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and it.
a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond
3. The entered data can be transmitted by networks.
a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession
4. The possibility of is reduced if data were correct-
ly put into the data processing system, a) character; b) access; c) error
5. Computer data processing systems can at a fraction of a second.
a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve
6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of data.
a), invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible
7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human is limited.
a) computation; b) information; ^manipulation
8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly
a) decreasing; b>increasing; c) eliminating

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1.Computer data c) processing system frees humans from routine
error-prone tasks.
2.Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and b) to retrieve it.
3.The entered data can be transmitted bya) communications networks.
4.The possibility of c) error is reduced if data were correctly put into the data processing system.
5.Computer data processing systems canb) respond at a fraction of a second.
6.Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of a) invalid data.
7.As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the humanmanipulation is limited.
8.The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly 
  b>increasing.

——————-

1.
What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when
designed? 2. What are the main advantages of comput­ers? 3. What
do you know of computers accuracy? 4. What is the function of
communication networks? 5. Give examples of a
data communication network. 6. What do you understand by capacity
storage? 7. What other values of computer data pro­cessing
systems do you know? 8. What is an important objec­tive
in the design of computer data processing systems? 9. What is
the most effective computer data processing system? 10. What is
the best way of responding to the challenges and opportuni­ties
of our post-industrial society?

11. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Система
обработки информации компьютером;
систе­ма
ориентирования на обработку данных
компьютером; сочетать
возможности человека и машины; ограничивать
управление;
вряд ли допустят ошибку; оставаться
уязви­мым;
недопустимые данные; легкость осуществления
свя­зи;
сеть передачи информации; системы,
основанные на использовании
спутников; служащие по резервированию
жилья;
получить мгновенный ответ; наводить
справки; хранилище данных; корпоративная
база данных; объем памяти; запоминать
огромное количество информации; извлекать
информацию; добавить значимости;
упомяну­тый
выше; доля секунды; подверженный ошибкам;
эконо­мически
оправданный,

12. Вспомните значение новых слов и догадайтесь о зна­ чении их производных.

То
eliminate: elimination;
eliminable; eliminator; unlimited.

To
respond: respondent;
response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility.

Accuracy:
inaccuracy;
accurate; inaccurate; accurately.

Correctly:
correct;
incorrect; to correct; correction; correc­tional; corrective;
corrector.

Vulnerable:
invulnerable;
vulnerability; invulnerability.

Invalid:
valid;
invalidity; validity;

Access:
accessible;
inaccessible; accessibility; inaccessibility.

Английский
язык.
Основы
компьютерной
грамотности 52

13. Преобразуйте
предложения, содержащие модальные
глаголы,
в а) прошедшее время; б) будущее время.

1.
Computers can
replace
people in dull routine work. 2. The program
is a set of instructions that may
also
include data to be processed. 3. Computer-controled robots must
increase
the pro­ductivity
of industry. 4. They
can help
in making different de­cisions. 5. The pupils may
work
with computers at the lessons. 6.
Electric pulses can
move
at the speed of light. 7. Storage de­vices
must
have
capacities for the input, output data and pro­grams
and for intermediate results. 8. Business minicomputers can
perform
to 100 million operations per second. 9. In order to
solve scientific problems researchers must
deal
with the lan­guage of science — mathematics. 10. Programmers
must
write
application
programs in a way that computers can
understand.

14. Составьте
на русском языке аннотации к
текстам,
предложенным
ниже. Обратите внимание на то, что
стиль
аннотаций, как правило, имеет
безличностный
характер.
Выберите и используйте при работе
следую­
щие клише:

Статья
(текст) посвящена проблеме/ вопросу …
В
начале статьи

• речь идет о …;

• дается
  определение…;

• обосновывается
  значимость …;

• привлекается
  внимание к …
  Далее

• описывается…;

• рассказывается…;

• рассматривается…;

• излагается
  …
  В
  частности,

• отмечается,
  например, …;

• подробно
  излагается…;

• описывается
  схема…;

• указывается
  …;

• доказывается
  мысль…
  Наконец

• раскрывается…
  В
  заключение

• приводятся
  примеры

53 Unit
4.
Data
Processing Concepts

Подытоживая
сказанное,следует
отметить… Как
мне кажется, статья
может представлять инте­рес
для … Думается,
статья
может
оказаться
полезной
для
…

1. The
ENIAC (1943-1946)

The
first all-electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC) was developed at the Moore School
of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsyl­vania. It
was developed as a result of a military need. J.Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly proposed the machine to solve the problem
of calculating firing tables for new weapons.

The
ENIAC weighed 90 tons, its 18.000 vacuum tubes de­manded
140 kilowatts of electric power. Although it was fully electronic,
the ENIAC had two major shortcomings: it could store and manipulate
only a very limited amount of informa­tion,
and its programs were wired on board. Since its programs were
hardwired — that is, the programs operating the comput­er were
established by physically changing the patterns of the wires
interconnecting the vacuum tubes — the machine was not so
flexible in operation. These limitations made it difficult to detect
errors and to change the programs. And yet, the project was
successful and the ENIAC was used for many years to solve ballistic
problems.

2. The
EDVAC (1946-1952)

Although
the idea of an automatic computing engine oc­curred
first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a cen­tury
later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the princi­ples
that fixed the pattern of computer design.

Dr.John
von Neumann, professor of mathematics at the Prinston
Institute of Advanced Study, together with P.Eckert, J.Mauchly
and Goldstine became a project member of a new improved
computer, the Electronic Discrete Variable Comput­er
(EDVAC). Von Neumann was a major contributor to the project
as he developed the concept of storing instructions as well as data
in the memory of the computer. As a result it be­came
possible to replace the writing board, which so seriously handicapped
the operation of the ENIAC.

Von
Neumann is also given a share of the credit for intro­ducing
the idea of storing both instructions and data in a bina­ry code
instead of decimal numbers or human-readable words.

Английский
язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 54

3.
The UNIVAC 1(1951)

P.Eckert
and J.Mauchly left the EDVAC project to form their own
company and built the UNIVAC I computer. UNIVAC stands
for UNIfersal Automatic Computer. The first UNIVAC was
installed in the Census Bureau in 1951, and it was used continuously
for 10 years. From the University laboratories the computer
finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the in­vention
of first UNIVAC I. It was the first digital computer which
was not «one of a kind», it was produced in quantity.

In
1952 IBM (International Business Machine) introduced the
701 commercial computer. Although limited in storage ca­pacity
by modern standards, the 701 could add a column of 10-digit
numbers as tall as the Empire State Building in one sec­ond.
Very soon improved models of the UNIVAC I and other 701-series
machines were introduced. In 1953 IBM produced the
IBM 650 which used a magnetic drum for storage and was popular with
business and science.

15.
Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните
письменно пе­ревод
предложенных выше текстов.

TESTS

1.
Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее
по смыслу слово

1. Computer
data system
frees humans from routine

error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing:
c),processing

2. Computers
can store vast amount of information to orga-

nize
it and it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve;
c) to respond

3. The
entered data can be transmitted by networks.

a) communications; b)
conversions; c) procession

4. The
possibility of is
reduced if data were correct-

ly
put into the data processing system, a)
character; b) access; c) error

5. Computer
data processing systems can at
a frac­
tion
of a second.

a) receive; b) respond; c)
retrieve

55 Unit
4. Data
Processing Concepts

6. Computer
systems are vulnerable to the entry of

data.

a), invalid; b) invariable; c)
invisible

7. As
soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the

human is
limited.

a) computation; b)
information; ^manipulation

8. The
amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constant-

ly •

a) decreasing; b>increasing;
c) eliminating

2.
Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их
интерпретацией, предложенной
справа.

1. Inputting a)
saving information for further pro-

cessing;

2. Character .
b) the process of producing useful in-

formation;

3. Database c)
meaningful collections of related

characters;

1. Data elements d) the most
   common input device;

2. Controlling ^e) the
   part of the computerthat receives

and stores data for
processing;

6. Outputting f)
directing the sequence of the opera-

tions performed;

1. Memory —
   g) >a
   written
   language symbol;

2. Record h)
   a collection of related data elements

3. Keyboard i)
   a set of related facts;

10. Storing j)
the process of entering collected into

a data processing system;

Unit
5

COMPUTER
SYSTEMS: AN
OVERVIEW

1.Ознакомьтесь
с
терминами
текста
1.

architecture
[‘aki’tektfs]— архитектура;
структура

architect
[‘akitekt]
— разработчик архитектуры (систе­мы,
структуры)

unit
[‘jmnit]
— устройство; модуль; блок; элемент;
со­ставная
часть

accessory
equipment
[sek’sesan]
— вспомогательные уст­ройства

engineering
background
[‘baekgraund]—
техническая под­готовка,
квалификация

analyst
[‘aenshst]
— аналитик; системный разработчик
product
line
— серия (компьютерных) продуктов

manufacturer
[] — изготовитель; произво­дитель;
разработчик

application
programmer
[aepli’keijh
ргои’дгэетэ] — при­кладной
программист

to
simulate
[‘simjuleit]
— моделировать; имитировать voltage
[‘voltidj]
— напряжение pressure
[] — давление, сжатие

digital
computer
[‘did3itsl
ksm’pjitfs]
— цифровой компь­ютер

hybrid
computer
[‘haibnd]
— смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой
компьютер

discrete
[dis’kri:t]
— дискретный; отдельный

continuous
quantity
[ksn’tinjuss
‘kwDntiti]
— непрерывная величина

on-going
process
—продолжающийся, постоянный, не­прерывный
процесс

to
rely
[n’lai]
— основываться на ч.-л.; полагаться

57 Unit
5. Computer
Systems:
An
Overview

to
install
[m’sto:l]
— устанавливать; размещать; монтиро­вать;
настраивать

household
appliances
[‘haushould
sp’larensiz]
— домашние приборы
/ устройства

microwave
oven
[‘maikrouweiv
4vn]
— микроволновая печь

indoor
climate
control
system
— система регуляции тем­пературы в
доме

Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово

1.

Computer data system frees humans from routine

error — prone tasks.

A) counting ; b) computing : c), processing

2.

Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and it.

A) to travel ; b) to retrieve ; c) to respond

3.

The entered data can be transmitted by networks.

A) communications ; b) conversions ; c) procession

4.

The possibility of is reduced if data were correct —

ly put into the data processing system, a) character ; b) access ; c) error

5.

Computer data processing systems can at a fraction of a second.

A) receive ; b) respond ; c) retrieve

6.

Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of data.

A), invalid ; b) invariable ; c) invisible

7.

As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human is limited.

A) computation ; b) information ; ^ manipulation

8.

The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly

a) decreasing ; b>increasing ; c) eliminating.

I.Translate into English:
II.Информационно-зависимое общество;

III.Вычислительное устройство

IV.интегральная схема

V.математический анализ

VI.двоичный код

VII.Detect the predicates in the following sentences.
VIII.The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers.

IX.The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948.

X.The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers.

XI.Fill in the gaps.
XII.The invention of … … was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics..

XIII.The … invented in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube.

XIV. Match the terms to their definition

XV.Computer

XVI.Computer literacy

XVII.A program

XVIII.Data

the set of instructions that direct the operations of computers;

possessing sufficient knowledge of how computers work and what do to use them.

an electronic device performing calculations on numerical data;

facts unorganized but able to be organized.

XIX.Insert proper words
XX. Computer data system frees humans from routine error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing: c) processing

XXI. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and___it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond

XXII. Translate into English
XXIII. клавиатура

XXIV. порт ввода-вывода

XXV. емкость; объем (памяти)

XXVI. мгновенный ответ