Dict object is not callable как исправить

Items in a Python dictionary must be called using the indexing syntax. This means you must follow a dictionary with square brackets and the key of the item you want to access. If you try to use curly brackets, Python will return a “TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable” error.

In this guide, we talk about this error and why it is raised. We walk through an example of this error in action so you can learn how to solve it in your code.

TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable

Dictionaries are iterable objects. This means that you can access items individually from inside a dictionary.

To access an item in a dictionary, you need to use indexing syntax. Here’s an example of indexing syntax in Python:

dictionary = {"key1": "value1"}
print(dictionary["key1"])

Run our code. “value” is returned. The value associated with the key “key1” is “value1”.

If we try to access an item from our dictionary using curly brackets, we encounter an error. This is because curly brackets are used to denote function calls in Python.

When Python sees a pair or curly brackets, it thinks you are trying to execute a function.

An Example Scenario

Here, we create a program that prints out all the values in a dictionary to the console. This dictionary contains information about a type of bird, the Starling.

Start by declaring a dictionary:

starling = {
	"name": "Starling",
	"Scientific_name": "Sturnus Vulgaris",
	"conservation_status_uk": "Red",
	"food": "Invertebrates and fruit"
}

This dictionary has four keys and four values. Let’s use print() statements to print each value from our dictionary to the console:

print("Name: " + starling("name"))
print("Scientific Name: " + starling("scientific_name"))
print("UK Conservation Status: " + starling("conservation_status_uk"))
print("What They Eat: " + starling("food")) 

This code should print out the values of “name”, “scientific_name”, “conservation_status_uk”, and “food” to the console. Run our code and see what happens:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 8, in <module>
	print("Name: " + starling("name"))
TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable

Our code returns an error.

This is because we are incorrectly accessing items from our dictionary. Dictionary items must be accessed using indexing syntax. In our code above, we’ve tried to use curly brackets to access items in our dictionary.

The Solution

To solve this error, we need to make sure we use square brackets to access items in our dictionary. Every time we access an item from the ‘starling” dictionary, we should use this syntax:

Use this syntax in our main program:

print("Name: " + starling["name"])
print("Scientific Name: " + starling["scientific_name"])
print("UK Conservation Status: " + starling["conservation_status_uk"])
print("What They Eat: " + starling["food"])

Our code now functions successfully:

Name: Starling
Scientific Name: Sturnus Vulgaris
UK Conservation Status: Red
What They Eat: Invertebrates and fruit

Instead of using curly brackets to access items in our dictionary, we have used square brackets. Square brackets indicate to Python that we want to access items from an iterable object. Curly brackets, on the other hand, indicate a function call.

Conclusion

The “TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable” error is raised when you try to use curly brackets to access items from inside a dictionary. To solve this error, make sure you use the proper square bracket syntax when you try to access a dictionary item.

Now you have all the knowledge you need to fix this error in your Python code!

A Python dictionary is a collection of data values stored in key-value pairs. To access items in a dictionary, you must use the indexing syntax of square brackets [] with the index position. If you use parentheses, you will raise the “TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable”.

This tutorial will describe the error and why it occurs. We will explore an example scenario of this error and go through how to solve it.

TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable

Python dictionary is a mutable data structure, meaning we can change the object’s internal state. Dictionaries are iterable objects, which means you can access items individually from inside the dictionary. Accessing an item from a dictionary follows the syntax of using square brackets with the index position. You must specify the appropriate key to access the value you want. If you use an unhashable type to access a dictionary, for example, a slice, you will raise the TypeError: unhashable type: ‘slice’. Let’s look at an example of accessing a dictionary:

pizzas = {

"name1": "margherita",

"name2": "pepperoni",

"name2": "four cheeses"

}

# Access pizza name

print(pizzas["name1"])

margherita

When we run our code, we print the value associated with the key “key1”.

TypeError tells us that we are trying to perform an illegal operation on a Python data object. Specifically, we cannot use parentheses to access dictionary elements. The part “‘dict’ object is not callable” tells us that we are trying to call a dictionary object as if it were a function or method. In Python, functions and methods are callable objects, they have the __call__ method, and you put parentheses after the callable object name to call it. Python dictionary is not a function or method, making calling a dictionary an illegal operation.

Example: Accessing Elements of a Dictionary

Let’s create a program that prints out the values of a dictionary to the console. The dictionary contains information about a type of fundamental particle, the muon.

We will start by declaring a dictionary for the muon data.

# Declare dictionary for muon particle

muon = {

   "name":"Muon",

   "charge":"-1",

   "mass":"105.7",

   "spin":"1/2"

}

The dictionary has four keys and four values. We can use the print() function to print each value to the console.

# Print values for each key in dictionary

print(f'Particle name is: {muon("name")}')

print(f'Particle charge is: {muon("charge")}')

print(f'Particle mass is : {muon("mass")} MeV')

print(f'Particle spin is: {muon("spin")}')

If we run the code, we get the following output:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
1 print(f'Particle name is: {muon("name")}')

TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable

We raise the error because we are not accessing the items with the correct syntax. In the above code, we used parentheses to access items in the dictionary.

Solution

To solve this error, we must replace the parentheses with square brackets to access the items in the muon dictionary.

# Print values for each key in dictionary

print(f'Particle name is: {muon["name"]}')

print(f'Particle charge is: {muon["charge"]}')

print(f'Particle mass is : {muon["mass"]} MeV')

print(f'Particle spin is: {muon["spin"]}')

When we run the code, we will get the following output:

Particle name is: Muon

Particle charge is: -1

Particle mass is : 105.7 MeV

Particle spin is: 1/2

Our code runs successfully and prints four aspects of the muon particle. Instead of using parentheses (), we used square brackets [].

We can also use items() to iterate over the dictionary as follows:

# Iterate over key-value pairs using items()

for key, value in muon.items():

   print(muon[key])

In the above code, we are iterating key-value pairs using items() and printing the value associated with each key. When we run the code, we will get the following output:

Muon

-1

105.7

1/2

Summary

Congratulations on reading to the end of this tutorial. The Python error “TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable” occurs when we try to call a dictionary like a function, and the Python dictionary is not a callable object. This error happens when we try to use parentheses instead of square brackets to access items inside a dictionary. You must use square brackets with the key name to access a dictionary item to solve this error.

For further reading on the “not callable” Python TypeError, you can read the following articles:

• How to Solve Python TypeError: ‘nonetype’ object is not callable
• How to Solve TypeError: ‘str’ object is not callable

To learn more about using dictionaries go to the article: Python How to Add to Dictionary.

Go to the Python online courses page to learn more about coding in Python for data science and machine learning.

Have fun and happy researching!

The dict object is not callable error usually occurs when you are looking to access items in a Python dictionary. This article will walk you through the coding mistakes that cause its occurrence. We will also discuss the solutions that can effectively fix those mistakes and make the coding process easier.

Why Is Dict Object Is Not Callable Error Happening?

The dict’ object is not callable python json error can occur in Python due to one out of three reasons. The major reason involves an implementation in which a dictionary is called as if it is a function. The other possible reasons include the usage of curly brackets and overriding the built-in dict() function.

– Calling a Dictionary as a Function

This is a major reason for the occurrence of the error because it involves the most common mistake made by users. It happens due to the usage of parenthesis in an attempt to access a key in the dictionary. The following is a simple code example that leads to the Python typeerror and, as a result, its key cannot be accessed:

example_dict = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 23}
# usage of parenthesis in the following lines
print (example_dict (‘month’))
print (example_dict (‘date’))

– Same Function and Variable Names

Consider the following code example that gives the dict’ object is not callable pandas error as the name of its variable and function are same:

def example():
return ‘A good day to you.’
# shadow function
example = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 16}
# this gives the error
print (example())

In this example, the function is said to be shadowed by the ‘example’ variable due to their same names. As a result, its implementation results in calling that variable instead of the function.

– Same Class Property and Class Method

In some other cases, it is possible that the “dict’ object is not callable Django” error occurs due to a class property and a class method that have the same names. The following code example shows how that can happen:

class Event():
def __init__(self, address):
# method hidden by the attribute
self.address = address
# same name as class variable
def address(self):
return self.address
eve = Event({‘country’: ‘USA’, ‘city’: ‘Chicago’})
# this gives the error
print(eve.address())

In this example, the names of the attribute and method are the same for the “Event” class. This causes the attribute to hide that method and results in the occurrence of the dict’ object is not callable flask error. The attempt to call that method on an instance of the “Event” class is unsuccessful.

– Usage of Curly Brackets

The usage of curly brackets to call items in a dictionary can also cause the dict’ object is not callable zip error in Python. This is because their usage corresponds to the denoting of function calls instead of items.

Therefore, the presence of a pair of curly brackets signifies to the Python compiler that the implementation is aimed at the execution of a function. It means that their usage in an attempt to access an item from a dictionary leads to the occurrence of the error.

This code example involves the usage of curly brackets to print out every value in a dictionary. The items possess information about a ‘Civic’ car with curly brackets used along with the values of the dictionary.

The implementation is initiated with the declaration of the dictionary and the code example shows that it has four values and four keys. After this, all of those values are printed from that dictionary with the usage of print() statements to the console:

car = {
“name”: “Civic”,
“company_name”: “Honda”,
“fuel_consumption_average”: “30”,
“year”: “2016”
}
print (“Name: ” + car (“name”))
print (“Company Name: ” + car (“company_name”))
print (“Fuel Consumption Average: ” + car (“fuel_consumption_average”))
print (“Year of Manufacuring: ” + car (“year”))

The intended output should print out all the values involved in that dictionary that include “name”, “company_name”, “fuel_consumption_average” and “year”. However, the output of this implementation is:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File “HelloWorld.py”, line 7, in <module>
print (“Name: ” + car (“name”))
TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable

This implementation results in the error as the items are being incorrectly accessed from the dictionary. Curly brackets are used to access them, which is detected by the Python compiler and prompts the error.

– Overriding the Built-in Dict() Function

The error can also occur if the dict() function is overridden by the dictionary. A dictionary can override if it is declared with the same name (dict) as that of the function. The following is a code example that shows how an overridden dict() function can result in the error:

dict = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 16}
print (dict (month =’March’, date = 16))

How to Fix Not Callable Dict Object Issue

The error caused by calling a dictionary as a function can be solved with the replacement of parentheses with square brackets.

The usage of curly brackets can be switched with an indexing syntax to fix the occurrence of the error. Moreover, renaming the dictionary can prevent it from overriding the built-in dict() function.

– Replacing Parentheses With Square Brackets

Accessing a key in a dictionary requires the usage of square brackets. To prevent the “typeerror: ‘dict’ object is not callable pytorch”, it is important that they are used like this:

my_dict [‘my_key’]. The code example mentioned in the reason above simply contains parentheses instead of square brackets.

Therefore, its implementation results in the error while accessing the key in the relevant dictionary. The code example below is a correction in which square brackets are used so that it is successfully implemented:

example_dict = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 23}
# usage of square brackets in the following lines
print (example_dict [‘month’])
print (example_dict [‘date’])

The output of this implementation is:

The removal of parentheses essentially signifies the assignment of the dictionary to a variable. In this case, a class or a function is not assigned to the variable; therefore, the names of the variable or function must be different.

– Renaming Function and Variable Names

The typeerror ‘dict’ object is not callable multiprocessing occurring in the code example above can be simply solved by renaming either the function or the variable. Here is how you can do that:

def example():
return ‘A good day to you.’
# shadow function
myexample = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 16}
# this gives the error
print (example())

The output of this implementation is:

– Renaming Class Property and Class Method

The “dict’ object is not callable jupyter notebook” error occurring in the code example above can be simply solved by renaming the class method. As a result, it can be called without any issues in the code. Here is how that can be done:

class Event():
def __init__(self, address):
# method hidden by the attributed
self.address = address
# same name as class variable
def get_address(self):
return self.address
eve = Event({‘country’: ‘USA’, ‘city’: ‘Chicago’})
print(eve.get_address())

The output of this implementation is:

{‘country’: ‘USA’, ‘city’: ‘Chicago’}

– Using Indexing Syntax

Switching from curly brackets requires the usage of an indexing syntax so that dictionary items can be accessed. It means that the indexing syntax can be used to call dictionary items in Python. As a result, the dictionary has to be followed by square brackets and a key of the item that has to be accessed.

Since dictionaries are iterable objects, items can be individually accessed from inside them. The indexing syntax comes in handy whenever an item has to be accessed in a dictionary. The syntax is like this where “value” is returned with “value1” being the value that is associated with the “key1” key:

dictionary = {“key1” : “value1”}
print (dictionary [“key1”])

This is important as square brackets correspond to indications for Python regarding the access of items from an iterable ‘dict’ object. Whereas, the indications from curly brackets correspond to a function call. With this, the following implementation solves the above code example of switching curly brackets:

car = {
“name”: “Civic”,
“company_name”: “Honda”,
“fuel_consumption_average”: “30”,
“year”: “2016”
}
print (“Name: ” + car [“name”])
print (“Company Name: ” + car [“company_name”])
print (“Fuel Consumption Average: ” + car [“fuel_consumption_average”])
print (“Year of Manufacturing: ” + car [“year”])

The output of this implementation is:

Name: Civic
Company Name: Honda
Fuel Consumption Average: 30
Year of Manufacturing: 2016

– Renaming the Dictionary

The error caused by the dictionary overriding the built-in dict() function can be solved by the technique of renaming. The dictionary name can be changed so that it does not override the function due to their same names. After that, the script can be restarted so that the implementation gives a successful output:

month_date = {‘month’: ‘March’, ‘date’: 16}
print (dict (month=’March’, age=16))

The output of this implementation is:

{‘month’: ‘March’, ‘age’: 16}

Conclusion

This article examined certain mistakes made in the code that become reasons for the error and also illuminated the necessary solutions for them. The following is a selection of the vital points:

• A dictionary called a function causes the error as it uses parenthesis to access a key in that dictionary.
• The usage of curly brackets denotes function calls instead of items and results in error.
• The built-in dict() function can be overridden by a dictionary if both of them have the same name.
• Square brackets have to be used to access a key in a dictionary and prevent the error in Python.
• The usage of an indexing syntax enables the access and calling of the items in a dictionary.

These solutions are bound to overcome the mistakes made that cause the error.

TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable

In this article we will learn about the TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable.

This error is generated when we try to call a dictionary using invalid methods. As shown in the example below.

Example:

# Creating dictionary 'MyDict'
MyDict= {
'car' : 'Honda city',
'type': 'sedan',
'color' : 'Blue'
}

# Printing Dictionary
print(MyDict())

# Checking length of dictionary
print("length of the dictionary :",len(MyDict))

Output:

File "nterror.py", line 9, in <module>
print(MyDict( ))
TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable

In the above example, we can see that in line 9 of the code i.e print(MyDict()), we called our dictionary using parenthesis. And thus causing the error, “TypeError: ‘dict’ object is not callable”.

Now the question arises why we can’t call the dictionary using parenthesis ( )?

To understand this let us take the help of a ‘dir( )’ a built-in method. Which returns the list of all the functions/methods associated with the object.

Example:

dir(MyDict)

Output: 
['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

The output shows the list of all the functions associated with a dictionary object. To make an object callable the presence of a magic function(__call__) is a must.

We can see in the above output, the magic function (__call__) is not defined or is absent. The absence of this magic function is what made our dictionary uncallable. Thus the dictionary object can not be invoked using parenthesis( ).

Solution:

Do print(MyDict) instead of print(MyDict( )) in line 9 of the code.

# Creating dictionary 'MyDict'
MyDict= {
'car' : 'Honda city',
'type': 'sedan',
'color' : 'Blue'
}

# Printing Dictionary
print(MyDict)

# Checking length of dictionary
print("length of the dictionary :",len(MyDict))

Output:

{'car': 'Honda city', 'type': 'sedan', 'color': 'Blue'}
length of the dictionary : 3