Error client was not declared in this scope

Simple fix. Move the function definitions above the void father() function.

In code

sem_t mutex;
sem_t S;
char buffer[1024];

void error(const char *msg)
{
    perror(msg);
    exit(0);
}

/*
    void signal_callback_handler()
    {
        close(sockfd);

    }
*/

void takef(int &sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */

    testa(sockfd);

    /*  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
}

void testa(int &sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
}

void putf(&sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
    test();
    test();
    sem_post(&mutex);
}

void father(int &sockfd)
{
    while(1)
    {
        srand(time(NULL));
        int ms = rand() % 2000 + 5000
        send(sockfd, DATA, strlen(DATA), 0);
        usleep(1000*ms);
        takef(sockfd);
        putf(sockfd);
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
    father(sockfd);

    return 0;
}

Or another alternative, like mentioned below, is to write a function prototype. This is similar to how one would write a prototype for functions in a header file and then define the functions in a .cpp file. A function prototype is a function without a body and lets the compiler know the function exists but is not defined yet.

Here is an example using prototyping

sem_t mutex;
sem_t S;
char buffer[1024];

void error(const char *msg)
{
    perror(msg);
    exit(0);
}

/*
    void signal_callback_handler()
    {
        close(sockfd);

    }
*/

// Prototypes
void takef(int &sockfd);
void testa(int &sockfd);
void putf(&sockfd);

void father(int &sockfd)
{
    while(1)
    {
        srand(time(NULL));
        int ms = rand() % 2000 + 5000
        send(sockfd, DATA, strlen(DATA), 0);
        usleep(1000*ms);
        takef(sockfd);
        putf(sockfd);
    }
}

void takef(int &sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
    testa(sockfd);

    /*  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
}

void testa(int &sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
}

void putf(&sockfd)
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
    test();
    test();
    sem_post(&mutex);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    /*
    *
    *
    *  *Other code*
    *
    *
    */
    father(sockfd);

    return 0;
}

Command:570: error: variable or field ‘printDirectory’ declared void

void printDirectory(File dir, int numTabs) {

^

Command:570: error: ‘File’ was not declared in this scope

Command:570: error: expected primary-expression before ‘int’

void printDirectory(File dir, int numTabs) {

^

Networking:414: error: variable or field ‘SSDP_schema’ declared void

void SSDP_schema(WiFiClient &client) {

^

Networking:414: error: ‘WiFiClient’ was not declared in this scope

Networking:414: error: ‘client’ was not declared in this scope

void SSDP_schema(WiFiClient &client) {

^

_N001_Email:113: error: ‘WiFiClient’ was not declared in this scope

boolean NPlugin_001_MTA(WiFiClient& client, String aStr, const String &aWaitForPattern)

^

_N001_Email:113: error: ‘client’ was not declared in this scope

boolean NPlugin_001_MTA(WiFiClient& client, String aStr, const String &aWaitForPattern)

^

_N001_Email:113: error: expected primary-expression before ‘aStr’

boolean NPlugin_001_MTA(WiFiClient& client, String aStr, const String &aWaitForPattern)

^

_N001_Email:113: error: expected primary-expression before ‘const’

boolean NPlugin_001_MTA(WiFiClient& client, String aStr, const String &aWaitForPattern)

^

_N001_Email:113: error: expression list treated as compound expression in initializer [-fpermissive]

boolean NPlugin_001_MTA(WiFiClient& client, String aStr, const String &aWaitForPattern)

^

C:ProjectssonoffESPeasyFW2SourceESPeasyCommand.ino: In function ‘bool safeReadStringUntil(Stream&, String&, char, unsigned int, unsigned int)’:

Command:28: error: ‘LOG_LEVEL_ERROR’ was not declared in this scope

addLog(LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, F(«Not enough bufferspace to read all input data!»));

^

Command:36: error: ‘LOG_LEVEL_ERROR’ was not declared in this scope

addLog(LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, F(«Timeout while reading input data!»));

^

C:ProjectssonoffESPeasyFW2SourceESPeasyCommand.ino: In function ‘void ExecuteCommand(byte, const char*)’:

Command error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

if (Settings.NotificationEnabled[Par1 — 1] && Settings.Notification[Par1 — 1] != 0)

^

Command:103: error: ‘NPLUGIN_NOT_FOUND’ was not declared in this scope

if (NotificationProtocolIndex!=NPLUGIN_NOT_FOUND)

^

Command:105: error: aggregate ‘EventStruct TempEvent’ has incomplete type and cannot be defined

struct EventStruct TempEvent;

^

Command:108: error: ‘NPlugin_ptr’ was not declared in this scope

NPlugin_ptr[NotificationProtocolIndex](NPLUGIN_NOTIFY, &TempEvent, message);

^

Command:108: error: ‘NPLUGIN_NOTIFY’ was not declared in this scope

NPlugin_ptr[NotificationProtocolIndex](NPLUGIN_NOTIFY, &TempEvent, message);

^

Command:117: error: ‘RTC’ was not declared in this scope

RTC.flashDayCounter = 0;

^

Command:134: error: ‘File’ was not declared in this scope

File root = SD.open(«/»);

^

Command:134: error: expected ‘;’ before ‘root’

File root = SD.open(«/»);

^

Command:135: error: ‘root’ was not declared in this scope

root.rewindDirectory();

^

Command:136: error: ‘printDirectory’ was not declared in this scope

printDirectory(root, 0);

^

Command:147: error: ‘SD’ was not declared in this scope

SD.remove((char*)fname.c_str());

^

Command:152: error: ‘lowestRAM’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(lowestRAM);

^

Command:154: error: ‘lowestRAMfunction’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.println(lowestRAMfunction);

^

Command:167: error: ‘loopCounterLast’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(100 — (100 * loopCounterLast / loopCounterMax));

^

Command:167: error: ‘loopCounterMax’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(100 — (100 * loopCounterLast / loopCounterMax));

^

Command:185: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.println(sizeof(SecuritySettings));

^

Command:187: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.println(sizeof(Settings));

^

Command:189: error: ‘ExtraTaskSettings’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.println(sizeof(ExtraTaskSettings));

^

Command:191: error: ‘Device’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.println(sizeof(Device));

^

Command:203: error: ‘Wire’ was not declared in this scope

Wire.beginTransmission(Par1); // address

^

Command:212: error: ‘Wire’ was not declared in this scope

Wire.beginTransmission(Par1); // address

^

Command:228: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.Build = Par1;

^

Command:235: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.deepSleep = 0;

^

Command:245: error: ‘Wire’ was not declared in this scope

Wire.beginTransmission(address);

^

Command:267: error: aggregate ‘EventStruct TempEvent’ has incomplete type and cannot be defined

struct EventStruct TempEvent;

^

Command:286: error: ‘UserVar’ was not declared in this scope

UserVar[(VARS_PER_TASK * (Par1 — 1)) + Par2 — 1] = result;

^

Command:286: error: ‘VARS_PER_TASK’ was not declared in this scope

UserVar[(VARS_PER_TASK * (Par1 — 1)) + Par2 — 1] = result;

^

Command:298: error: ‘RULES_TIMER_MAX’ was not declared in this scope

if (Par1>=1 && Par1<=RULES_TIMER_MAX)

^

Command:303: error: ‘RulesTimer’ was not declared in this scope

RulesTimer[Par1 — 1] = millis() + (1000 * Par2);

^

Command:306: error: ‘RulesTimer’ was not declared in this scope

RulesTimer[Par1 — 1] = 0L;

^

Command:310: error: ‘LOG_LEVEL_ERROR’ was not declared in this scope

addLog(LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, F(«TIMER: invalid timer number»));

^

Command:324: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.UseRules = true;

^

Command:326: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.UseRules = false;

^

Command:335: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

if (Settings.UseRules)

^

Command:351: error: ‘WiFi’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«Publish»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:351: error: ‘WL_CONNECTED’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«Publish»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:361: error: ‘MQTTclient’ was not declared in this scope

MQTTclient.publish(topic.c_str(), value.c_str(), Settings.MQTTRetainFlag);

^

Command:361: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

MQTTclient.publish(topic.c_str(), value.c_str(), Settings.MQTTRetainFlag);

^

Command:365: error: ‘WiFi’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«SendToUDP»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:365: error: ‘WL_CONNECTED’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«SendToUDP»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:375: error: ‘IPAddress’ was not declared in this scope

IPAddress UDP_IP(ipaddress[0], ipaddress[1], ipaddress[2], ipaddress[3]);

^

Command:375: error: expected ‘;’ before ‘UDP_IP’

IPAddress UDP_IP(ipaddress[0], ipaddress[1], ipaddress[2], ipaddress[3]);

^

Command:376: error: ‘portUDP’ was not declared in this scope

portUDP.beginPacket(UDP_IP, port.toInt());

^

Command:376: error: ‘UDP_IP’ was not declared in this scope

portUDP.beginPacket(UDP_IP, port.toInt());

^

Command:381: error: ‘WiFi’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«SendToHTTP»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:381: error: ‘WL_CONNECTED’ was not declared in this scope

if (strcasecmp_P(Command, PSTR(«SendToHTTP»)) == 0 && WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)

^

Command:389: error: ‘WiFiClient’ was not declared in this scope

WiFiClient client;

^

Command:389: error: expected ‘;’ before ‘client’

WiFiClient client;

^

Command:390: error: ‘client’ was not declared in this scope

if (client.connect(host.c_str(), port.toInt()))

^

Command:407: error: ‘LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG’ was not declared in this scope

addLog(LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, line);

^

Command:422: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(SecuritySettings.WifiSSID, Line + 9);

^

Command:428: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(SecuritySettings.WifiKey, Line + 8);

^

Command:434: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(SecuritySettings.WifiSSID2, Line + 10);

^

Command:440: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(SecuritySettings.WifiKey2, Line + 9);

^

Command:470: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.Unit=Par1;

^

Command:476: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(Settings.Name, Line + 5);

^

Command:482: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

strcpy(SecuritySettings.Password, Line + 9);

^

Command:503: error: ‘WiFi’ was not declared in this scope

WiFi.persistent(true); // use SDK storage of SSID/WPA parameters

^

Command:529: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Settings.SerialLogLevel = Par1;

^

Command:536: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

if (!str2ip(TmpStr1, Settings.IP))

^

Command:547: error: ‘IPAddress’ was not declared in this scope

IPAddress ip = WiFi.localIP();

^

Command:547: error: expected ‘;’ before ‘ip’

IPAddress ip = WiFi.localIP();

^

Command:548: error: ‘ip’ was not declared in this scope

sprintf_P(str, PSTR(«%u.%u.%u.%u»), ip[0], ip[1], ip[2], ip[3]);

^

Command:550: error: ‘BUILD’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(F(» Build : «)); Serial.println((int)BUILD);

^

Command:551: error: ‘Settings’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(F(» Name : «)); Serial.println(Settings.Name);

^

Command:553: error: ‘SecuritySettings’ was not declared in this scope

Serial.print(F(» WifiSSID : «)); Serial.println(SecuritySettings.WifiSSID);

^

C:ProjectssonoffESPeasyFW2SourceESPeasyCommand.ino: At global scope:

Command:570: error: variable or field ‘printDirectory’ declared void

void printDirectory(File dir, int numTabs) {

^

Command:570: error: ‘File’ was not declared in this scope

Command:570: error: expected primary-expression before ‘int’

void printDirectory(File dir, int numTabs) {

^

ESPEasy:4: error: expected declaration before end of line

#pragma GCC diagnostic warning «-Wall»

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Arduino programming is an open-source and simple stage that arranges the Arduino board into working with a particular goal in mind. An Arduino code is written in C++ yet with extra capacities and strategies. An Arduino is an equipment and programming stage broadly utilised in hardware.

In this article, we go through three quick fixes for the error ‘was not declared in this scope’.

Also read: How to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem using Python?

What does the error mean?

Every programming language has a concept of Scope. Scope tells us where a specific variable, constant or function is accessible and usable. It refers to the area of code a statement, block, or name. The scope of an entity determines where that entity is usable in other parts of the program. The scope of a block determines where that block can be used in other blocks, and the scope of a name determines where that name can be used in other names.

There are two types of scope in programming languages: local and global. Local scope refers to the identifiers and symbols visible inside a block of code. Global scope, on the other hand, refers to the identifiers and symbols visible outside a block of code.

The error ‘was not declared in this scope’ generally occurs when a variable or function is not accessible to its call. A global variable in Arduino is the variable that is declared outside any function, including the setup() and loop() functions. Any variable declared inside a function or loop has restrictive access and is a local variable.

If any other function calls a local variable, it gives an error. To call any variable or function in any other function, including the setup() and loop() function, it should be declared as a global variable.

Also read: How to stop an Arduino program?

There are the quick fixes for the Arduino error: was not declared in the scope.

Declare the variable

Before assigning a value to the variable, make sure to define it. There are 16 data types commonly used in Arduino coding. Each data type expresses the nature of the value assigned to it. If the data type and value doesn’t match, an error arises. Also, if a variable is assigned any value without its declaration or data type, the error occurs.

Always ensure to declare the variable before the assignment. There are two ways to do this.

There are three variables in the above example – num1, num2 and num3. The variable num1 has been declared separately and assigned to a data type corresponding value in the loop. The variable num2 has been declared and assigned in the same line of code. The variable num3, on the other hand, has directly been assigned a value without its declaration. This causes the error, as shown above.

Other details

There may be errors arising even after proper declaration and assignment of the variable. This may be due to incorrect or absence of the closing brackets, semicolons or improper declaration of functions. Ensure proper use of syntax when defining loops and functions. Every opening in curly brace must be accounted for and closed. Extra closing braces also cause errors. Alongside, semicolons hold their importance. A semicolon missed can cause the entire program to go haywire.

Library folder

Many times, variables call or use functions that require importing a few specific libraries.

In the example above, the variable num calls the square root function – sqrt() from the maths library of Arduino. If we call a function without including its library first, an error occurs. There are multiple inbuilt and standard libraries in Arduino, while a few special libraries must be included separately.

Also read: What is ‘does not name a type’ in Arduino: 2 Fixes.

Dear Sir,

I have copied the  Complete_wincock_client_code and  Complete_wincock_server_code from https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms737591(v=vs.85).aspx and https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms737593(v=vs.85).aspx .
when i am doing compilation, i am getting errors like getaddrinfo() and freeaddrinfo() was not declared in the scope. I am getting for both client and server examples. Please give me a solution to fix this.

//server_code

#undef UNICODE

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN

#include <windows.h>
#include <winsock2.h>
#include <ws2tcpip.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Need to link with Ws2_32.lib
#pragma comment (lib, «Ws2_32.lib»)
// #pragma comment (lib, «Mswsock.lib»)

#define DEFAULT_BUFLEN 512
#define DEFAULT_PORT «27015»

int __cdecl main(void)
{
    WSADATA wsaData;
    int iResult;

    SOCKET ListenSocket = INVALID_SOCKET;
    SOCKET ClientSocket = INVALID_SOCKET;

    struct addrinfo *result = NULL;
    struct addrinfo hints;

    int iSendResult;
    char recvbuf[DEFAULT_BUFLEN];
    int recvbuflen = DEFAULT_BUFLEN;

    // Initialize Winsock
    iResult = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,2), &wsaData);
    if (iResult != 0)
    {
        printf(«WSAStartup failed with error: %dn», iResult);
        return 1;
    }

    ZeroMemory(&hints, sizeof(hints));
    hints.ai_family = AF_INET;
    hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
    hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
    hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;

    // Resolve the server address and port
    iResult = getaddrinfo(NULL, DEFAULT_PORT, &hints, &result);
        if ( iResult != 0 )
    {
        printf(«getaddrinfo failed with error: %dn», iResult);
        WSACleanup();
        return 1;
    }

    // Create a SOCKET for connecting to server
    ListenSocket = socket(result->ai_family, result->ai_socktype, result->ai_protocol);
    if (ListenSocket == INVALID_SOCKET)
    {
        printf(«socket failed with error: %ldn», WSAGetLastError());
        freeaddrinfo(result);
        WSACleanup();
        return 1;
    }

    // Setup the TCP listening socket
    iResult = bind( ListenSocket, result->ai_addr, (int)result->ai_addrlen);
    if (iResult == SOCKET_ERROR)
    {
        printf(«bind failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
        freeaddrinfo(result);
        closesocket(ListenSocket);
        WSACleanup();
        return 1;
    }

    freeaddrinfo(result);

    iResult = listen(ListenSocket, SOMAXCONN);
    if (iResult == SOCKET_ERROR)
    {
        printf(«listen failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
        closesocket(ListenSocket);
        WSACleanup();
        return 1;
    }

    // Accept a client socket
    ClientSocket = accept(ListenSocket, NULL, NULL);
    if (ClientSocket == INVALID_SOCKET)
    {
        printf(«accept failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
        closesocket(ListenSocket);
        WSACleanup();
        return 1;
    }

    // No longer need server socket
    closesocket(ListenSocket);

    // Receive until the peer shuts down the connection
    do {
            iResult = recv(ClientSocket, recvbuf, recvbuflen, 0);
            if (iResult > 0)
            {
                printf(«Bytes received: %dn», iResult);

                // Echo the buffer back to the sender
                iSendResult = send( ClientSocket, recvbuf, iResult, 0 );
                if (iSendResult == SOCKET_ERROR)
                    {
                        printf(«send failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
                        closesocket(ClientSocket);
                        WSACleanup();
                        return 1;
                    }
                    printf(«Bytes sent: %dn», iSendResult);
            }
            else if (iResult == 0)
                printf(«Connection closing…n»);
            else
            {
                prWSACleanupintf(«recv failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
                closesocket(ClientSocket);
                WSACleanup();
                return 1;
            }

        }
        while (iResult > 0);

        // shutdown the connection since we’re done
        iResult = shutdown(ClientSocket, SD_SEND);
        if (iResult == SOCKET_ERROR)
        {
            printf(«shutdown failed with error: %dn», WSAGetLastError());
            closesocket(ClientSocket);
            WSACleanup();
            return 1;
        }

        // cleanup
        closesocket(ClientSocket);
        WSACleanup();

    return 0;
}