Error in query 1064 syntax error near pk at line 1

When issuing a command to MySQL, I’m getting error #1064 «syntax error».

What does it mean?
How can I fix it?

asked May 7, 2014 at 10:32

TL;DR

Error #1064 means that MySQL can’t understand your command. To fix it:

Read the error message. It tells you exactly where in your command MySQL got confused.

Examine your command. If you use a programming language to create your command, use echo, console.log(), or its equivalent to show the entire command so you can see it.

Check the manual. By comparing against what MySQL expected at that point, the problem is often obvious.

Check for reserved words. If the error occurred on an object identifier, check that it isn’t a reserved word (and, if it is, ensure that it’s properly quoted).

Aaaagh!! What does #1064 mean?

Error messages may look like gobbledygook, but they’re (often) incredibly informative and provide sufficient detail to pinpoint what went wrong. By understanding exactly what MySQL is telling you, you can arm yourself to fix any problem of this sort in the future.

As in many programs, MySQL errors are coded according to the type of problem that occurred. Error #1064 is a syntax error.
- What is this «syntax» of which you speak? Is it witchcraft?
  
  Whilst «syntax» is a word that many programmers only encounter in the context of computers, it is in fact borrowed from wider linguistics. It refers to sentence structure: i.e. the rules of grammar; or, in other words, the rules that define what constitutes a valid sentence within the language.
  
  For example, the following English sentence contains a syntax error (because the indefinite article «a» must always precede a noun):
  
  This sentence contains syntax error a.
- What does that have to do with MySQL?
  
  Whenever one issues a command to a computer, one of the very first things that it must do is «parse» that command in order to make sense of it. A «syntax error» means that the parser is unable to understand what is being asked because it does not constitute a valid command within the language: in other words, the command violates the grammar of the programming language.
  
  It’s important to note that the computer must understand the command before it can do anything with it. Because there is a syntax error, MySQL has no idea what one is after and therefore gives up before it even looks at the database and therefore the schema or table contents are not relevant.
How do I fix it?

Obviously, one needs to determine how it is that the command violates MySQL’s grammar. This may sound pretty impenetrable, but MySQL is trying really hard to help us here. All we need to do is…
- Read the message!
  
  MySQL not only tells us exactly where the parser encountered the syntax error, but also makes a suggestion for fixing it. For example, consider the following SQL command:
```
UPDATE my_table WHERE id=101 SET name='foo'
```
  That command yields the following error message:
  
  ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'WHERE id=101 SET name='foo'' at line 1
  
  MySQL is telling us that everything seemed fine up to the word WHERE, but then a problem was encountered. In other words, it wasn’t expecting to encounter WHERE at that point.
  
  Messages that say ...near '' at line... simply mean that the end of command was encountered unexpectedly: that is, something else should appear before the command ends.
- Examine the actual text of your command!
  
  Programmers often create SQL commands using a programming language. For example a php program might have a (wrong) line like this:
```
$result = $mysqli->query("UPDATE " . $tablename ."SET name='foo' WHERE id=101");
```
  If you write this this in two lines
```
$query = "UPDATE " . $tablename ."SET name='foo' WHERE id=101"
$result = $mysqli->query($query);
```
  then you can add echo $query; or var_dump($query) to see that the query actually says
```
UPDATE userSET name='foo' WHERE id=101
```
  Often you’ll see your error immediately and be able to fix it.
- Obey orders!
  
  MySQL is also recommending that we «check the manual that corresponds to our MySQL version for the right syntax to use«. Let’s do that.
  
  I’m using MySQL v5.6, so I’ll turn to that version’s manual entry for an UPDATE command. The very first thing on the page is the command’s grammar (this is true for every command):
```
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_reference
    SET col_name1={expr1|DEFAULT} [, col_name2={expr2|DEFAULT}] ...
    [WHERE where_condition]
    [ORDER BY ...]
    [LIMIT row_count]
```
  The manual explains how to interpret this syntax under Typographical and Syntax Conventions, but for our purposes it’s enough to recognise that: clauses contained within square brackets [ and ] are optional; vertical bars | indicate alternatives; and ellipses ... denote either an omission for brevity, or that the preceding clause may be repeated.
  
  We already know that the parser believed everything in our command was okay prior to the WHERE keyword, or in other words up to and including the table reference. Looking at the grammar, we see that table_reference must be followed by the SET keyword: whereas in our command it was actually followed by the WHERE keyword. This explains why the parser reports that a problem was encountered at that point.
A note of reservation

Of course, this was a simple example. However, by following the two steps outlined above (i.e. observing exactly where in the command the parser found the grammar to be violated and comparing against the manual’s description of what was expected at that point), virtually every syntax error can be readily identified.

I say «virtually all», because there’s a small class of problems that aren’t quite so easy to spot—and that is where the parser believes that the language element encountered means one thing whereas you intend it to mean another. Take the following example:
```
UPDATE my_table SET where='foo'
```
Again, the parser does not expect to encounter WHERE at this point and so will raise a similar syntax error—but you hadn’t intended for that where to be an SQL keyword: you had intended for it to identify a column for updating! However, as documented under Schema Object Names:
If an identifier contains special characters or is a reserved word, you must quote it whenever you refer to it. (Exception: A reserved word that follows a period in a qualified name must be an identifier, so it need not be quoted.) Reserved words are listed at Section 9.3, “Keywords and Reserved Words”.
```
[ deletia ]
```
The identifier quote character is the backtick (“`”):
```
mysql> SELECT * FROM `select` WHERE `select`.id > 100;
```
If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is enabled, it is also permissible to quote identifiers within double quotation marks:
```
mysql> CREATE TABLE "test" (col INT);
ERROR 1064: You have an error in your SQL syntax...
mysql> SET sql_mode='ANSI_QUOTES';
mysql> CREATE TABLE "test" (col INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
```

It is late but will help others and ofcourse will save time
My query was working in MySQL 5.7 in local system but on live we have version MySQL 8 and query stop working.

Query:

SELECT t.*
FROM groups t
ORDER BY t.id DESC
LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0

Output in MySQL 8:

Error in query (1064): Syntax error near ‘groups t ORDER BY t.id DESC’
at line …

I came to know groups is reserved word so I have to wrap groups with « quotes or change the table name to solve this issue.

answered Jul 18, 2021 at 13:13

Muhammad ShahzadMuhammad Shahzad

9,13021 gold badges83 silver badges130 bronze badges

For my case, I was trying to execute procedure code in MySQL, and due to some issue with server in which Server can’t figure out where to end the statement I was getting Error Code 1064. So I wrapped the procedure with custom DELIMITER and it worked fine.

For example, Before it was:

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getStats;
CREATE PROCEDURE `getStats` (param_id INT, param_offset INT, param_startDate datetime, param_endDate datetime)
BEGIN
    /*Procedure Code Here*/
END;

After putting DELIMITER it was like this:

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getStats;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE `getStats` (param_id INT, param_offset INT, param_startDate datetime, param_endDate datetime)
BEGIN
    /*Procedure Code Here*/
END;
$$
DELIMITER ;

answered Apr 19, 2017 at 10:54

Umair MalhiUmair Malhi

5454 silver badges16 bronze badges

Источник

Дата: 25.11.2013

Автор: Василий Лукьянчиков , vl (at) sqlinfo (dot) ru

Статья ориентирована на новичков. В ней объясняется, что означает ошибка сервера MySQL №1064, рассматриваются типичные ситуации и причины возникновения этой ошибки, а также даются рекомендации по исправлению.

Рассмотрим простейший пример.

SELECT mid, time, title, artist, download, view_count, rating, vote_num FROM dle_mservice WHERE category = ‘1’ AND approve = ‘1’ ORDER BY time DESC LIMIT -10,10;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘-10,10’ at line 1

Сервер MySQL сообщает, что в первой строке нашего SQL запроса имеется синтаксическая ошибка, и в одинарных кавычках цитирует часть запроса с того места где начинается ошибка. Это очень полезное свойство, так как позволяет сразу определить место, которое сервер счел ошибочным. В данном случае это ‘-10,10’, ошибка возникает из-за того, что параметр LIMIT не может быть отрицательным числом.

Однако, бывает и так, что цитируемый кусок запроса не содержит синтаксической ошибки. Это означает, что данная часть запроса находится не на своем месте из-за чего весь запрос становится синтаксически неверным. Например, отсутствует разделитель между двумя запросами, пропущен кусок запроса, невидимый символ в дампе и т.д. Неудобством таких ситуаций является то, что сообщение об ошибке не содержит исходный запрос.
Действия по исправлению зависят от контекста возникновения ошибки. Таковых всего 3:

1. Запрос в редакторе.

Самый простейший случай — вы пишите свой запрос в редакторе. Если причина не опечатка, то:

Смотреть в документации синтаксис команды для вашей версии сервера MySQL.

Обратите внимание: речь идет о версии сервера MySQL, а не клиента (phpmyadmin, workbench и т.д.). Версию сервера можно узнать выполнив команду select version();
В MySQL допускается использование ключевых слов в качестве имен столбцов/таблиц, но при этом их необходимо заключать в обратные кавычки (там где буква ё на клавиатуре).
Пример:

select order from test;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘order from test’ at line 1
MariaDB [test]> select `order` from test;
+——-+
| order |
+——-+
| NULL |
+——-+
По умолчанию ; разделяет команды. Если же нужно выполнить набор из нескольких инструкций как одну команду (например, при создании процедур, фунуций, триггеров), то в зависимости от используемого клиента может потребоваться переопределить разделитель с помощью DELIMITER, иначе интерпретация команды остановится на первой ; и будет ошибка синтаксиса. Пример:
delimiter //
create procedure test()
begin
set @a=1;
select @a;
end//

Обратите внимание: DELIMITER это команда консольного клиента mysql, необходимость его использования зависит от того как вы передаете команду серверу. Например,:
- mysql_query() выполняет содержимое как одну команду, добавление delimiter приведет к error 1064 с цитатой, начинающейся со слова delimiter
- phpmyadmin удаляет слово delimiter из-за чего возникает error 1064 с цитатой, начинающейся с переопределенного разделителя
- в MysqlQueryBrowser напротив необходимо использовать delimiter.

2. Перенос базы на другой сервер.

У вас есть дамп (т.е. файл с расширением .sql) и при попытке его импортировать вы получаете ошибку 1064. Причины:

В различных версиях набор ключевых слов и синтаксис может немного отличаться. Наиболее распространенный случай: команда create table, в которой ключевое слово type было заменено на engine. Например, если вы получаете ошибку:

You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘TYPE=MyISAM CHARACTER SET `utf8`’ at line 29

Это означает, что вы переносите базу в пятую версию сервера MySQL, в котором ключевое слово TYPE не поддерживается и его нужно заменить на ENGINE.

Редко бываю случаи, когда перенос идет на старый (~3.23) сервер, который кодировки не поддерживает. Тогда ошибка будет иметь вид:

#1064 — You have an error in your SQL syntax near ‘DEFAULT CHARACTER SET cp1251 COLLATE cp1251_general_ci’ at line 1

Такое может произойти, если вы переносите базу с хостинга на локальный комп, где стоит древняя версия MySQL. Лучшим решением в данном случае будет не править дамп, а обновить MySQL.
Часто проблемы вызваны тем, что дамп делается неродными средствами MySQL (например, phpmyadmin) из-за чего в нем могут быть BOM-маркер, собственный синтаксис комментариев, завершения команды и т.д. Кроме того при использовании того же phpmyadmin возможна ситуация при которой из-за ограничения апача на размер передаваемого файла команда будет обрезана, что приведет к ошибке 1064.
Например, если вы получаете ошибку:

#1064 — You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘ï»¿
CREATE TABLE `jos_banner` (
`bid` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`ci‘ at line 1

Значит ваш дамп содержит BOM-маркер. Это три байта в начале файла, помогающие программе определить что данный файл сохранен в кодировке UTF-8. Проблема в том, что MySQL пытается интерпретировать их как команду из-за чего возникает ошибка синтаксиса. Нужно открыть дамп в текстовом редакторе (например, Notepad++) и сохранить без BOM.

Для избежания подобных проблем при создании дампа и его импорте лучше пользоваться родными средствами MySQL, см http://sqlinfo.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?id=583

3. Некорректная работа сайта.

Если во время работы сайта появляются ошибки синтаксиса, то, как правило, причина в установке вами сомнительных модулей к вашей cms. Лучшее решение — отказаться от их использования. Еще лучше предварительно проверять их работу на резервной копии.

Пример. Движок dle 7.2, поставили модуль ,вроде бы все Ок, но:

MySQL Error!
————————
The Error returned was:
You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘AND approve=’1‘ AND date < ‘2008-10-04 04:34:25‘ LIMIT 5’ at line 1

Error Number:
1064
SELECT id, title, date, category, alt_name, flag FROM dle_post WHERE MATCH (title, short_story, full_story, xfields, title) AGAINST (‘Приобретение и оплата скрипта ‘) AND id != AND approve=‘1’ AND date < ‘2008-10-04 04:34:25’ LIMIT 5

В данном примере мы видим, что причина ошибки в отсутствии значения после «id != «

Обратите внимание: из процитированного сервером MySQL куска запроса причина ошибки не ясна. Если ваша CMS не показывает весь запрос целиком, то нужно в скриптах найти место где выполняется данный запрос и вывести его на экран командой echo.

Кусок кода, который отвечает за данный запрос это

$db->query («SELECT id, title, date, category, alt_name, flag FROM « . PREFIX . «_post WHERE MATCH (title, short_story, full_story, xfields, title) AGAINST (‘$body’) AND id != «.$row[‘id’].» AND approve=’1′».$where_date.» LIMIT «.$config[‘related_number’]);

Далее можно искать откуда взялась переменная $row и почему в ней нет элемента ‘id’ и вносить исправления, но лучше отказаться от использования такого модуля (неизвестно сколько сюрпризов он еще принесет).

P.S. Если после прочтения статьи ваш вопрос с MySQL Error 1064 остался нерешенным, то задавайте его на форуме SQLinfo

Дата публикации: 25.11.2013

© Все права на данную статью принадлежат порталу SQLInfo.ru. Перепечатка в интернет-изданиях разрешается только с указанием автора и прямой ссылки на оригинальную статью. Перепечатка в бумажных изданиях допускается только с разрешения редакции.

Источник

Read time 5 minutes

At first, the syntax errors seem very tedious and cryptic while working with SQL database programs. But, at a closer glance, one can easily understand the errors as they are descriptive enough about the problem that finding possible solutions becomes a step easier. Every error code has a unique 4 digits number that determines the type of error. One such SQL error code is Error: 1064 which occurs due to wrongly typed syntax of SQL queries. Let’s dig deep to know more about this error and how to fix it.

The error message with error code 1064 occurs due to the incorrect syntax of MySQL queries. In simple words, MySQL does not understand the commands that you have written. The commands are mistyped or misspelled within the MySQL environment which the database does not recognize. Say for example UPDATE is typed as UPADTE. Also, don’t get confused between syntax error and grammar error, because grammar rules are valid for a syntax error. The parser disagrees to understand the command and fails to perform a task.

Reasons for MySQL Syntax Error: 1064

The possible reasons due to which MySQL faces syntax error – 1064 are mentioned here:

It can occur due to mistyping the spelling of command.
The error can take place due to the use of outdated or depreciated commands.
It may happen when the specific data required by the query goes missing.
Due to wrong reserved words typed as they vary from version to version in MySQL.
This occurs due to a mistake in the spelling of the command resulting in MySQL not being able to understand it.
The error can take place due to the use of outdated or obsolete commands which are no longer in function.
It may happen when some data goes missing in the written database.
Due to wrong reserved words typed as they vary from version to version in MySQL. Reserve words are used for specific context only.

Instant Solution

Avail the fastest solution Kernel for MySQL Database recovery to fix SQL Syntax Error 1064. This software can quickly resolve problems related to MySQL Database.

How to Resolve Syntax Error: 1064?

When any MySQL error occurs, it indicates the problem along with a description and the way to fix it. Hence, for different syntax errors, it shows different fix solutions. Some of them are mentioned here, follow them according to the syntax error that is troubling you:

Fix 1: Mistyped Commands

The foremost reason due to which 1064 error occurs when you type incorrect spelling of a command or typos.

Example: UDPATE table emp set id = 0;
The UPDATE command is mistyped.

Solution to Fix

To fix the spelling errors mistyped commands and typos you must recheck before executing them. In case, you are unable to recall the correct syntax; we advise you to refer MySQL Manual and search for the syntax for the version you’re using. The error will get resolved if you replace all the typos and mistyped commands with the correct syntax.

You can also try IDEs and MySQL tools that help you with MySQL syntax errors by highlighting or pop-up alerts when you execute the query. If the IDE that you installed is lacking the feature of detecting syntax errors, look for a plugin that is designed for this purpose to debug the issue.

Fix 2: Reserved Words

Reserved words vary from one MySQL version to another as every version has its list of keywords that are reserved. The reserved words are for performing a specific task and are used for different purposes in the MySQL database engine. The error 1064 might pop up in cases when you are not using the right keyword meant for serving the specific function, or the version of MySQL is not meeting the exact requirements for using the particular keyword.

For example, Create Table alter (name, id);

Here, alter is a reserved word, but it cannot be used as it needs some special requirements. Let’s know how to use a reserved keyword in a query.

Solution to Fix

To use alter in MySQL query as you need to fulfill the unique requirements to call the functionality of the alter command, you cannot use it as mentioned above. You need to enclose the alter word with backticks (`), present on your keyboard just above the Tab button.`

For example: Create Table `alter` (name, id);

Fix 3: Missing Data

At times, the relevant data goes missing from the database which is required for the execution of a query. Hence, leading to 1064 error when the data is not found in the database.

For example: Select * from students where studentID = $id

Suppose if the $id not correctly filled, the above query for the server is like this:

Select * from students where studentID =
That is the reason the server pops up error 1064 because it gets confused.
Solution to Fix

You can enter the missing data using the dashboard interface of the application, which is usually done through phpMyAdmin or MySQL Workbench. The applications allow you to bring up the record and add the missing data manually to an appropriate row of the table.

Recommended: Automated Solution to Fix MySQL Database Errors

At times, the error 1064 becomes a bit tricky to resolve as it might occur due to the corruption of database files, i.e., MyIASM, .cnf, .ddl, .arm, etc. If that is the case, then you must use the professional automated solution to recover and restore database files of any MySQL server version. The best-recommended solution is the Kernel for MySQL Database recovery. The solution is highly efficient and works immediately to resolve problems caused by MySQL database files.

Concluding Words

The error 1064 seems simple to remove if you are aware of the exact cause behind the error. The manual solution may not work correctly if you do not use the correct steps to eliminate the error. You should use Kernel SQL Database Recovery software to handle each kind of error, whether physical or logical. The software will recover the complete databases with their tables, relationships, and dependencies.

Источник

Introduction to MySQL Error 1064

MySQL Error 1064 sometimes seems to be very difficult to understand. But, If we observe and have the knowledge about the type of errors and their causes, it will be easy to determine where the query statement is going wrong and how this error can be removed. Mysql error is represented with the help of error codes which are 4-digit numbers that range from 1000 to 2051. These error codes specify what type of error has occurred. In this article, we will learn about the most common error code that arises that is 1064, and the possible causes and solutions to it.

What is Error 1064 in MySQL?

Whenever an error with error code 1064 arises after the execution of the query statement in MySQL, the main reason is that the MySQL parser is not able to parse the query due to some fault in the syntax of the query. The syntax of the query must be according to the Structured Query Language and must be bound with the rules of Mysql. The syntax error is similar to the grammar mistakes that occur in English or any other linguistic language where the sentences must be correct according to the rules of the grammar that are defined for that language. In MySQL, syntax errors fail to parse and consequently fail in the execution of the query statement.

Causes and solution to MySQL 1064 Error

There can be many causes that might be responsible for the 1064 error to occur. We need to first read the error message that is thrown along with error code1064. This message provides useful information about where the error is occurring and why. Studying that part of the query, we can conclude where the query must have gone wrong provided if we are well aware of the SQL syntaxes.

The error message mostly uses the keywords like “at the line” or “near” to specify where exactly the MySQL is not able to parse the query. Manier times, the error message also suggests the possible solution to the error that has occurred. Like sometimes, it may say that we need to check our MySQL syntax with the manual for the version of Mysql we are using to see the correct syntax. We will discuss some of the possible causes that lead to a 1064 error in MySQL. They are as listed below

Commands may be typed incorrectly

Sometimes, the mistake may be done while typing the query like for example we may type SELECT instead of SELECT. Such types of errors arising due to typo mistakes can be prevented if we check our queries for any spelling mistakes before executing the queries. Also, there are many IDE’s and client-side tools for MySQL that provide the facility to check on the spellings and also parse the queries even before running them when we are typing the query on their editor pad. If the IDE you are using does not provide this type of checking, you can go searching with the settings or any other plugins that can be used to add this facility. Also, many online syntax checkers are available that will help to check the query syntax.

Deprecated commands may be used

It may happen sometimes that you must be using the commands that are absolute in your version or have been deprecated. Many commands are removed from the Mysql from time to time. We need to take a check on these commands. For example, the command for specifying the storage engine of the table was TYPE = before version 4.1 in MySQL. But in MySQL version 4.1 and above the TYPE command was declared as deprecated and in version5.1 it was completely removed and it was compulsory to use ENGINE = command instead of TYPE command in the Mysql versions 5.1 and higher.

Data required in the query may be missing

There can be a situation when you are adding the parameter values and certain values to the restrictions in the query during runtime and building the query statement dynamically. In such situations, it is necessary to make sure that the default value is given to the variables that are assigned in the query as sometimes these variables may not contain the expected value and remain blank which leads to incorrect construction of SQL query. For example, suppose in PHP language, you use the query like “SELECT uname, password FROM users WHERE uid=”. $SESSION[‘u_id’]. When the session variable u_id does not have any value and we have not initialized this variable to some default value then the query that will be built up, in the end, will be as follows – “SELECT uname,upassword FROM users WHERE uid=” that is completely incorrect as the data required for the query is missing. In our case, the value of uid to be mentioned in the WHERE clause for restriction is missing.

The reserved words may not be supported in MySQL version you are using

Sometimes the reserved words that we are using may be incorrect or not supported by the current version of the MYSQL you are using. Like sometimes we may forget to use the quotation mark or backticks in the keywords that are net or we may use camel case instead of keyword containing _ in it. All these mistakes in keywords spellings and deprecated or absolute keyword usage give errors with a 1064 error code.

WordPress data may be transferred in an incompatible mode

When we transfer the data and export it using WordPress database to some other server then it may lead to MYSQL error with error code 1064 if the database version and mode of compatibility that is being used are not the same as the current version of your database. In this situation, changing the database version to the current version, selecting the mode of compatibility while taking out the backup, and choosing the auto-detect file option of character set when restoring the database can help to solve this error.

Conclusion

Execution of Mysql queries might lead to errors if there is any mistake in the query due to some other cause and can be corrected by applying the appropriate solution. Mysql error code 1064 is raised when there is an error in the syntax or some functionality being used is deprecated or absolute. We can determine and correct it if we study the message carefully, use good IDE for the detection of typos and parse errors, and review the query for mistakes in the query before execution.

TL;DR

Aaaagh!! What does #1064 mean?

What is this «syntax» of which you speak? Is it witchcraft?

What does that have to do with MySQL?

How do I fix it?

Read the message!

Examine the actual text of your command!

Obey orders!

A note of reservation

1. Запрос в редакторе.

2. Перенос базы на другой сервер.

3. Некорректная работа сайта.

Reasons for MySQL Syntax Error: 1064

Concluding Words

Introduction to MySQL Error 1064

What is Error 1064 in MySQL?

Causes and solution to MySQL 1064 Error

Commands may be typed incorrectly

Deprecated commands may be used

Data required in the query may be missing

The reserved words may not be supported in MySQL version you are using

WordPress data may be transferred in an incompatible mode

Conclusion

Recommended Articles