Error version control conflict marker in file

Migrated from rt.perl.org#127993 (status was 'resolved') Searchable as RT127993$

Flags:
    category=core
    severity=wishlist

Site configuration information for perl 5.22.1:

Configured by Red Hat, Inc. at Wed Mar  2 13:26:46 UTC 2016.

Summary of my perl5 (revision 5 version 22 subversion 1) configuration:
   
  Platform:
    osname=linux, osvers=4.3.5-300.fc23.x86_64, archname=x86_64-linux-thread-multi
    uname='linux buildvm-19.phx2.fedoraproject.org 4.3.5-300.fc23.x86_64 #1 smp mon feb 1 03:18:41 utc 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 gnulinux '
    config_args='-des -Doptimize=none -Dccflags=-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches  -m64 -mtune=generic -Dldflags=-Wl,-z,relro  -Dccdlflags=-Wl,--enable-new-dtags -Wl,-z,relro  -Dlddlflags=-shared -Wl,-z,relro  -Dshrpdir=/usr/lib64 -DDEBUGGING=-g -Dversion=5.22.1 -Dmyhostname=localhost -Dperladmin=root@localhost -Dcc=gcc -Dcf_by=Red Hat, Inc. -Dprefix=/usr -Dvendorprefix=/usr -Dsiteprefix=/usr/local -Dsitelib=/usr/local/share/perl5 -Dsitearch=/usr/local/lib64/perl5 -Dprivlib=/usr/share/perl5 -Dvendorlib=/usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl -Darchlib=/usr/lib64/perl5 -Dvendorarch=/usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl -Darchname=x86_64-linux-thread-multi -Dlibpth=/usr/local/lib64 /lib64 /usr/lib64 -Duseshrplib -Dusethreads -Duseithreads -Dusedtrace=/usr/bin/dtrace -Duselargefiles -Dd_semctl_semun -Di_db -Ui_ndbm -Di_gdbm -Di_shadow -Di_syslog -Dman3ext=3pm -Duseperlio -Dinstallusrbinperl=n -Ubincompat5005 -Uversiononly -Dpager=/usr/bin/less -isr -Dd_gethostent_r_proto -Ud_endhostent_r_proto -Ud_sethostent_r_proto -Ud_endprotoent_r_proto -Ud_setprotoent_r_proto -Ud_endservent_r_proto -Ud_setservent_r_proto -Dscriptdir=/usr/bin -Dusesitecustomize'
    hint=recommended, useposix=true, d_sigaction=define
    useithreads=define, usemultiplicity=define
    use64bitint=define, use64bitall=define, uselongdouble=undef
    usemymalloc=n, bincompat5005=undef
  Compiler:
    cc='gcc', ccflags ='-D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fwrapv -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/local/include -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64',
    optimize='  -g',
    cppflags='-D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Werror=format-security -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fwrapv -fno-strict-aliasing -I/usr/local/include'
    ccversion='', gccversion='5.3.1 20151207 (Red Hat 5.3.1-2)', gccosandvers=''
    intsize=4, longsize=8, ptrsize=8, doublesize=8, byteorder=12345678, doublekind=3
    d_longlong=define, longlongsize=8, d_longdbl=define, longdblsize=16, longdblkind=3
    ivtype='long', ivsize=8, nvtype='double', nvsize=8, Off_t='off_t', lseeksize=8
    alignbytes=8, prototype=define
  Linker and Libraries:
    ld='gcc', ldflags ='-Wl,-z,relro  -fstack-protector-strong -L/usr/local/lib'
    libpth=/usr/local/lib64 /lib64 /usr/lib64 /usr/local/lib /usr/lib /lib/../lib64 /usr/lib/../lib64 /lib
    libs=-lpthread -lresolv -lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc -lgdbm_compat
    perllibs=-lpthread -lresolv -lnsl -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
    libc=libc-2.22.so, so=so, useshrplib=true, libperl=libperl.so
    gnulibc_version='2.22'
  Dynamic Linking:
    dlsrc=dl_dlopen.xs, dlext=so, d_dlsymun=undef, ccdlflags='-Wl,--enable-new-dtags -Wl,-z,relro '
    cccdlflags='-fPIC', lddlflags='-shared -Wl,-z,relro  -L/usr/local/lib -fstack-protector-strong'

Locally applied patches:
    Fedora Patch1: Removes date check, Fedora/RHEL specific
    Fedora Patch3: support for libdir64
    Fedora Patch4: use libresolv instead of libbind
    Fedora Patch5: USE_MM_LD_RUN_PATH
    Fedora Patch6: Skip hostname tests, due to builders not being network capable
    Fedora Patch7: Dont run one io test due to random builder failures
    Fedora Patch15: Define SONAME for libperl.so
    Fedora Patch16: Install libperl.so to -Dshrpdir value
    Fedora Patch22: Document Math::BigInt::CalcEmu requires Math::BigInt (CPAN RT#85015)
    Fedora Patch26: Make *DBM_File desctructors thread-safe (RT#61912)
    Fedora Patch27: Make PadlistNAMES() lvalue again (CPAN RT#101063)
    Fedora Patch28: Make magic vtable writable as a work-around for Coro (CPAN RT#101063)
    Fedora Patch29: Fix CVE-2016-2381 (ambiguous environment variables handling)
    Fedora Patch200: Link XS modules to libperl.so with EU::CBuilder on Linux
    Fedora Patch201: Link XS modules to libperl.so with EU::MM on Linux


@INC for perl 5.22.1:
    /usr/local/lib64/perl5
    /usr/local/share/perl5
    /usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl
    /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl
    /usr/lib64/perl5
    /usr/share/perl5
    .


Environment for perl 5.22.1:
    HOME=/home/eda
    LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
    LANGUAGE (unset)
    LC_COLLATE=C
    LC_CTYPE=en_GB.UTF-8
    LC_MESSAGES=en_GB.UTF-8
    LC_MONETARY=en_GB.UTF-8
    LC_NUMERIC=en_GB.UTF-8
    LC_TIME=en_GB.UTF-8
    LD_LIBRARY_PATH (unset)
    LOGDIR (unset)
    PATH=/home/eda/bin:/home/eda/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/sbin
    PERL_BADLANG (unset)
    SHELL=/bin/bash

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If a conflict occurs in a file under the Subversion version control, conflict markers are added to the conflicting file, and three auxiliary unversioned files are created in your local working copy:

  • filename.mine: the copy of your local file without conflict markers.

  • filename.rOld: the base revision you have last synchronized to.

  • filename.rNew: the latest version on the server.

Conflicting files are marked with red in the Local Changes view. In the Update Info tab, they are grouped in the Merged with conflicts list and are also marked with red.

You can resolve conflicts in two ways:

  • Semi-automatically, using a merge tool.

  • Manually in the editor. After that, you need to manually mark the processed files as conflicts-free.

Resolve a text conflict using the merge tool

  1. In the Version Control tool window Alt+9, select the conflicting file:

    img

  2. On the main VCS menu, or From the context menu of the selection, choose Subversion | Resolve Text Conflict. The Conflicts dialog appears.

  3. If you want to accept the server version and overwrite your local changes, click Accept Theirs. If you want to force your changes to the repository, click Accept Yours. Clicking Merge opens the merge tool, where you can accept or discard each change individually. As a result, the file is automatically marked as resolved, and auxiliary files are deleted.

  4. Once the conflicts have been successfully resolved, commit your local version to the repository.

To resolve a text conflict manually

  1. Open the conflicting file in the editor.

  2. Do one of the following:

    • Edit the contents within the conflict markers as required.

    • Copy one of the auxiliary files on top of your working file.

Mark a file as resolved

  1. Do one of the following:

    • Select the file in the Project tool window or in the Version Control tool window Alt+9, and choose Subversion, and then choose Mark Resolved from the context menu of the selection.

    • With the conflicting file opened in the editor, right-click the mouse anywhere in the editor tab. From the context menu choose Subversion, and then choose Mark Resolved.

    • From the context menu, choose VCS | Subversion | Mark Resolved..

  2. In the Mark Resolved dialog that opens select the file.

  3. Click the Mark Resolved button.

Last modified: 04 August 2022

Edit: I somehow got a bad version of the files from GitHub, after re-cloning the git it worked fine.

I am having issues compiling the server. I am running on Ubuntu and even after Rebooting/Updating/Upgrading/Fresh Pull from Git/etc. I am having errors during the build and I’m not sure what I’m doing wrong. Attached is the output from make.

make[1]: Entering directory '/root/rathena/src/map'
        MKDIR   obj
        CXX     achievement.cpp
In file included from achievement.cpp:21:
battle.hpp:714:9: error: invalid digit "8" in octal constant
  714 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from itemdb.hpp:16,
                 from achievement.cpp:25:
status.hpp:95:9: error: invalid digit "8" in octal constant
   95 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
status.hpp:115:9: error: invalid digit "8" in octal constant
  115 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.cpp:29:
pc.hpp:396:9: error: invalid digit "8" in octal constant
  396 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.cpp:29:
pc.hpp:1079:9: error: invalid digit "8" in octal constant
 1079 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      |         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.cpp:21:
battle.hpp:692:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  692 | <<<<<<< HEAD
      | ^~~~~~~
battle.hpp:713:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  713 | =======
      | ^~~~~~~
In file included from itemdb.hpp:16,
                 from achievement.cpp:25:
status.hpp:92:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
   92 | <<<<<<< HEAD
      | ^~~~~~~
status.hpp:94:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
   94 | =======
      | ^~~~~~~
status.hpp:102:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  102 | <<<<<<< HEAD
      | ^~~~~~~
status.hpp:109:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  109 | =======
      | ^~~~~~~
status.hpp:111:30: error: ‘YAML’ does not name a type
  111 |  uint64 parseBodyNode( const YAML::Node& node );
      |                              ^~~~
status.hpp:111:40: error: expected unqualified-id before ‘&’ token
  111 |  uint64 parseBodyNode( const YAML::Node& node );
      |                                        ^
status.hpp:111:40: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘&’ token
  111 |  uint64 parseBodyNode( const YAML::Node& node );
      |                      ~                 ^
      |                                        )
status.hpp:111:40: error: expected ‘;’ at end of member declaration
  111 |  uint64 parseBodyNode( const YAML::Node& node );
      |                                        ^
      |                                         ;
status.hpp:111:42: error: ‘node’ does not name a type
  111 |  uint64 parseBodyNode( const YAML::Node& node );
      |                                          ^~~~
status.hpp:114:39: error: ‘std::shared_ptr<s_refine_level_info> RefineDatabase::findLevelInfo(const item_data&, item&)’ cannot be overloaded with ‘std::shared_ptr<s_refine_level_info> RefineDatabase::findLevelInfo(const item_data&, item&)’
  114 |  std::shared_ptr<s_refine_level_info> findLevelInfo( const struct item_data& data, struct item& item );
      |                                       ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
status.hpp:107:39: note: previous declaration ‘std::shared_ptr<s_refine_level_info> RefineDatabase::findLevelInfo(const item_data&, item&)’
  107 |  std::shared_ptr<s_refine_level_info> findLevelInfo( const struct item_data& data, struct item& item );
      |                                       ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
status.hpp:115:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  115 | >>>>>>> 0828ff00c630d6bcfa7a42826919867f0b8e5250
      | ^~~~~~~
status.hpp:118:23: error: cannot declare variable ‘refine_db’ to be of abstract type ‘RefineDatabase’
  118 | extern RefineDatabase refine_db;
      |                       ^~~~~~~~~
status.hpp:89:7: note:   because the following virtual functions are pure within ‘RefineDatabase’:
   89 | class RefineDatabase : public TypesafeYamlDatabase<uint16, s_refine_info>{
      |       ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.hpp:15,
                 from achievement.cpp:4:
../common/database.hpp:77:28: note:     ‘virtual const string YamlDatabase::getDefaultLocation()’
   77 |  virtual const std::string getDefaultLocation() = 0;
      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.cpp:29:
pc.hpp:390:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  390 | <<<<<<< HEAD
      | ^~~~~~~
pc.hpp:395:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  395 | =======
      | ^~~~~~~
In file included from achievement.cpp:29:
pc.hpp:1063:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
 1063 | <<<<<<< HEAD
      | ^~~~~~~
pc.hpp: In function ‘bool pc_cant_act(map_session_data*)’:
pc.hpp:1073:37: error: ‘pc_cant_act2’ was not declared in this scope
 1073 |  return sd->npc_id || sd->chatID || pc_cant_act2( sd );
      |                                     ^~~~~~~~~~~~
pc.hpp:1073:37: note: the macro ‘pc_cant_act2’ had not yet been defined
pc.hpp:1078: note: it was later defined here
 1078 | #define pc_cant_act2(sd)      ( (sd)->state.vending || (sd)->state.buyingstore || ((sd)->sc.opt1 && (sd)->sc.opt1 != OPT1_BURNING) || (sd)->state.trading || (sd)->state.storage_flag || (sd)->state.prevend || (sd)->state.refineui_open )
      |
pc.hpp: At global scope:
pc.hpp:1075:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
 1075 | =======
      | ^~~~~~~
make[1]: *** [Makefile:84: obj/achievement.o] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/rathena/src/map'
make: *** [Makefile:50: map] Error 2


Edited April 21, 2022 by Pyroclese

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Разрешение конфликтов системы контроля версий

Исследование и решение конфликтов

Если вы и другой пользователь изменяете тот же файл в различных песочницах или на различных ответвлениях, сообщение конфликта появляется, когда вы пытаетесь фиксировать свои измененные файлы. Следуйте за Конфликтами Твердости процедуры, чтобы извлечь маркеры конфликта при необходимости, сравнить различия, вызывающие конфликт и разрешить конфликт.

Чтобы разрешить конфликты, вы можете:

  • Используйте Инструмент Сравнения, чтобы объединить изменения между версиями.

  • Решите перезаписать один набор изменений с другим.

  • Внесите изменения вручную путем редактирования файлов.

Для получения дополнительной информации при использовании Инструмента Сравнения, чтобы объединить изменения, см. Текстовые файлы Слияния.

После того, как вы удовлетворены файлом, который отмечен конфликтовавший, можно отметить разрешенный конфликт и фиксировать файл.

Решение конфликтов

  1. Ищите противоречивые файлы в Браузере текущей папки.

  2. Проверяйте столбец состояния системы контроля версий (SVN или Git) для файлов с красным предупреждающим символом, который указывает на конфликт.

  3. Щелкните правой кнопкой по противоречивому файлу и выберите > , чтобы сравнить версии.

  4. Исследуйте конфликт. Отчет сравнения открывается, который показывает различия между противоречивыми файлами.

    С SVN сравнение показывает различия между файлом и версией файла в конфликте.

    С Git™ сравнение показывает различия между файлом на вашем ответвлении и ответвлением, в которое вы хотите объединить.

  5. Используйте отчет Инструмента Сравнения определить, как разрешить конфликт.

    Можно использовать Инструмент Сравнения, чтобы объединить изменения между версиями, как описано в Текстовых файлах Слияния.

  6. Когда вы разрешите изменения и захотите фиксировать версию в своей песочнице в Браузере текущей папки, щелкните правой кнопкой по файлу и выберите > .

    С Git состояние Branch в диалоговом окне Source Control Details изменяется от MERGING до SAFE.

  7. Фиксируйте измененные файлы.

Слияние текстовых файлов

При сравнении текстовых файлов можно объединить изменения от одного файла до другого. Слияние изменений полезно при решении конфликтов между различными версиями файлов.

Если вы видите, что маркеры конфликта в текстовом сравнении сообщают как это:

затем извлеките маркеры конфликта перед слиянием, как описано в Выделении маркеров конфликтов.

Совет

При сравнении файла с другой версией в системе контроля версий по умолчанию правильный файл является версией в песочнице, и левый файл является или временной копией предыдущей версии или другой версией, вызывающей конфликт (например, filename_theirs). Можно подкачать положение файлов, так, несомненно, сможете наблюдать пути к файлам левого и правого файла наверху отчета сравнения. Слейте различия от временной копии до версии в вашей песочнице, чтобы разрешить конфликты.

  1. В отчете Инструмента Сравнения выберите различие в отчете и нажмите Merge. Выбранное различие копируется от левого файла до правильного файла.

    Слитые различия отображают серое выделение строки и зеленую стрелку слияния.

    Объединенное имя файла наверху отчета отображается со звездочкой (filename.m*), чтобы показать вам, что файл содержит несохраненные изменения.

  2. Нажмите Save Merged File, чтобы сохранить файл в вашей песочнице. Чтобы разрешить конфликты, сохраните объединенный файл по противоречивому файлу.

  3. Если вы хотите осмотреть файлы в редакторе, щелкните по ссылкам номера строки в отчете.

    Примечание

    Если вы вносите дальнейшие изменения в редакторе, отчет сравнения не обновляет, чтобы отразить изменения, и ссылки отчета могут стать неправильными.

  4. Когда вы разрешили, что изменения отмечают их как разрешенный конфликт. Щелкните правой кнопкой по файлу по Браузеру текущей папки и выберите > .

Выделение маркеров конфликтов

  • Что такое маркеры конфликта?

  • Выделение маркеров конфликтов

Что такое маркеры конфликта?

Инструменты системы контроля версий могут вставить маркеры конфликта в файлы, которые вы не зарегистрировали как двоичный файл (например, текстовые файлы). Можно использовать MATLAB®, чтобы извлечь маркеры конфликта и сравнить файлы, вызывающие конфликт. Этот процесс помогает вам решить, как разрешить конфликт.

Внимание

Регистровые файлы с инструментами системы контроля версий, чтобы препятствовать тому, чтобы они вставили маркеры конфликта и повредили файлы. Смотрите Регистрируют Двоичные Файлы с SVN или Регистрируют Двоичные Файлы с Git. Если ваши файлы уже содержат маркеры конфликта, средства MATLAB могут помочь вам разрешить конфликт.

Маркеры конфликта имеют следующую форму:

<<<<<<<["mine" file descriptor]
["mine" file content]
=======
["theirs" file content]
<<<<<<<["theirs" file descriptor]

При попытке открыть файл, содержащий маркеры конфликта, диалоговое окно Conflict Markers Found открывается. Следуйте за подсказками, чтобы зафиксировать файл путем извлечения маркеров конфликта. После того, как вы извлекаете маркеры конфликта, разрешаете конфликты, как описано в Исследовании и Решении Конфликтов.

Чтобы просмотреть маркеры конфликта, в диалоговом окне Conflict Markers Found, нажимают Load File. Не пытайтесь загрузить файлы, потому что MATLAB не распознает маркеры конфликта. Вместо этого нажмите Fix File, чтобы извлечь маркеры конфликта.

MATLAB проверяет только конфликтовавшие файлы на маркеры конфликта.

Выделение маркеров конфликтов

Когда вы открываете противоречивый файл или выбираете , MATLAB проверяет файлы на маркеры конфликта и предложения извлечь маркеры конфликта. MATLAB проверяет только конфликтовавшие файлы на маркеры конфликта.

Однако некоторые файлы, которые не отмечены, как конфликтуется, могут все еще содержать маркеры конфликта. Это может произойти, если вы или другой пользователь отметили конфликт, разрешенный, не удаляя маркеры конфликта, и затем фиксировали файл. Если вы видите маркеры конфликта в файле, который не отмечен конфликтовавший, можно извлечь маркеры конфликта.

  1. В Браузере текущей папки щелкните правой кнопкой по файлу и выберите > .

  2. В диалоговом окне Extract Conflict Markers to File оставьте опцию по умолчанию, чтобы скопировать “мой” версия файла по противоречивому файлу. Оставьте флажок Compare extracted files выбранным. Нажмите Extract.

  3. Используйте отчет Инструмента Сравнения, как обычно, чтобы продолжить разрешать конфликт.

sqlanalyze utility doesn’t compile in SQLite trunk

(1.1) By Dan Shearer (danshearer) on 2022-03-12 09:51:53 edited from 1.0
[link]
[source]

The sqlanalyze utility doesn’t compile in SQLite trunk:

./configure
make sqlite3_analyze
[...]
tsrc/btree.h:250:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  250 | <<<<<<< BEGIN MERGE CONFLICT: local copy shown first <<<<<<<<<<<< (line 250)
[...]

After some tracing I tried ./configure amalgamation_line_macros=yes but that failed in the same way. I noticed some background comments by Larry about line macros, I get the same error after fossil update version-3.37.0 and fossil update version-3.36.0.

Am I missing something obvious? Should make sqlite3_analyze be in a pre-release checklist or test suite?

Dan Shearer

(2) By curmudgeon on 2022-03-12 09:58:25
in reply to 1.1
[link]
[source]

In my bash script for updating the trunk it’s sqlite3_analyzer (r at end) Dan. Is that the problem?

(3) By Dan Shearer (danshearer) on 2022-03-12 10:01:11
in reply to 2
[link]
[source]

Unfortunately not. You are correct, my copy/paste was messed up, but:

$ make sqlite3_analyze
make: *** No rule to make target 'sqlite3_analyze'. Stop.

and I see all my testing was with the ‘r’.

Dan Shearer

(4) By Stephan Beal (stephan) on 2022-03-12 10:05:49
in reply to 1.1
[link]
[source]

tsrc/btree.h:250:1: error: version control conflict marker in file
  250 | <<<<<<< BEGIN MERGE CONFLICT: local copy shown first <<<<<<<<<<<< (line 250)

indicates that you somehow managed to get a merge conflict when updating, which means you had local changes which got merged in. The trunk version does not have that merge conflict marker, nor does version-3.37.0. Fossil won’t let a checkin be made with those markers i a file without an explicit flag permitting them.

Try, from the top of the checkout:

fossil revert .

and you should be good to go (noting that your local changes will be lost).

(5) By Dan Shearer (danshearer) on 2022-03-12 10:39:15
in reply to 4
[source]

Stephan Beal (stephan) on 2022-03-12 10:05:49:

indicates that you somehow managed to get a merge conflict when updating, which means you had local changes which got merged in.

You are completely correct. This is a part of Fossil workflow I find unintuitive, perhaps because I almost never hit it. Thanks Stephan.

I like the recursive nature of the output of sqlite3_analyzer , which it outputs both:

  1. a text report on a database file, in the form of an SQL comment, followed by
  2. the SQL used to generate that text

such that the whole can be fed into any SQL database for further processing.

Thanks.

Dan Shearer

Overview

Teaching: 15 min

Exercises: 0 min

Questions

  • What do I do when my changes conflict with someone else’s?

Objectives

  • Explain what conflicts are and when they can occur.

  • Resolve conflicts resulting from a merge.

As soon as people can work in parallel, they’ll likely step on each other’s
toes. This will even happen with a single person: if we are working on
a piece of software on both our laptop and a server in the lab, we could make
different changes to each copy. Version control helps us manage these
conflicts by giving us tools to
resolve overlapping changes.

To see how we can resolve conflicts, we must first create one. The file
mars.txt currently looks like this in both partners’ copies of our planets
repository:

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity

Let’s add a line to the collaborator’s copy only:

$ nano mars.txt
$ cat mars.txt
Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
This line added to Wolfman's copy

and then push the change to GitHub:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git commit -m "Add a line in our home copy"
[main 5ae9631] Add a line in our home copy
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 331 bytes | 331.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 2 local objects.
To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
   29aba7c..dabb4c8  main -> main

Now let’s have the owner
make a different change to their copy
without updating from GitHub:

$ nano mars.txt
$ cat mars.txt
Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We added a different line in the other copy

We can commit the change locally:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git commit -m "Add a line in my copy"
[main 07ebc69] Add a line in my copy
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

but Git won’t let us push it to GitHub:

To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
 ! [rejected]        main -> main (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/vlad/planets.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

The Conflicting Changes

Git rejects the push because it detects that the remote repository has new updates that have not been
incorporated into the local branch.
What we have to do is pull the changes from GitHub,
merge them into the copy we’re currently working in, and then push that.
Let’s start by pulling:

remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 2), reused 3 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From https://github.com/vlad/planets
 * branch            main     -> FETCH_HEAD
    29aba7c..dabb4c8  main     -> origin/main
Auto-merging mars.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in mars.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

The git pull command updates the local repository to include those
changes already included in the remote repository.
After the changes from remote branch have been fetched, Git detects that changes made to the local copy
overlap with those made to the remote repository, and therefore refuses to merge the two versions to
stop us from trampling on our previous work. The conflict is marked in
in the affected file:

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
<<<<<<< HEAD
We added a different line in the other copy
=======
This line added to Wolfman's copy
>>>>>>> dabb4c8c450e8475aee9b14b4383acc99f42af1d

Our change is preceded by <<<<<<< HEAD.
Git has then inserted ======= as a separator between the conflicting changes
and marked the end of the content downloaded from GitHub with >>>>>>>.
(The string of letters and digits after that marker
identifies the commit we’ve just downloaded.)

It is now up to us to edit this file to remove these markers
and reconcile the changes.
We can do anything we want: keep the change made in the local repository, keep
the change made in the remote repository, write something new to replace both,
or get rid of the change entirely.
Let’s replace both so that the file looks like this:

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We removed the conflict on this line

To finish merging,
we add mars.txt to the changes being made by the merge
and then commit:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git status
On branch main
All conflicts fixed but you are still merging.
  (use "git commit" to conclude merge)

Changes to be committed:

	modified:   mars.txt

$ git commit -m "Merge changes from GitHub"
[main 2abf2b1] Merge changes from GitHub

Now we can push our changes to GitHub:

Enumerating objects: 10, done.
Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 645 bytes | 645.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (4/4), completed with 2 local objects.
To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
   dabb4c8..2abf2b1  main -> main

Git keeps track of what we’ve merged with what,
so we don’t have to fix things by hand again
when the collaborator who made the first change pulls again:

remote: Enumerating objects: 10, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 6 (delta 4), reused 6 (delta 4), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (6/6), done.
From https://github.com/vlad/planets
 * branch            main     -> FETCH_HEAD
    dabb4c8..2abf2b1  main     -> origin/main
Updating dabb4c8..2abf2b1
Fast-forward
 mars.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

We get the merged file:

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We removed the conflict on this line

We don’t need to merge again because Git knows someone has already done that.

Git’s ability to resolve conflicts is very useful, but conflict resolution
costs time and effort, and can introduce errors if conflicts are not resolved
correctly. If you find yourself resolving a lot of conflicts in a project,
consider these technical approaches to reducing them:

  • Pull from upstream more frequently, especially before starting new work
  • Use topic branches to segregate work, merging to main when complete
  • Make smaller more atomic commits
  • Where logically appropriate, break large files into smaller ones so that it is
    less likely that two authors will alter the same file simultaneously

Conflicts can also be minimized with project management strategies:

  • Clarify who is responsible for what areas with your collaborators
  • Discuss what order tasks should be carried out in with your collaborators so
    that tasks expected to change the same lines won’t be worked on simultaneously
  • If the conflicts are stylistic churn (e.g. tabs vs. spaces), establish a
    project convention that is governing and use code style tools (e.g.
    htmltidy, perltidy, rubocop, etc.) to enforce, if necessary

Solving Conflicts that You Create

Clone the repository created by your instructor.
Add a new file to it,
and modify an existing file (your instructor will tell you which one).
When asked by your instructor,
pull her changes from the repository to create a conflict,
then resolve it.

Conflicts on Non-textual files

What does Git do
when there is a conflict in an image or some other non-textual file
that is stored in version control?

Solution

Let’s try it. Suppose Dracula takes a picture of Martian surface and
calls it mars.jpg.

If you do not have an image file of Mars available, you can create
a dummy binary file like this:

$ head -c 1024 /dev/urandom > mars.jpg
$ ls -lh mars.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 vlad 57095 1.0K Mar  8 20:24 mars.jpg

ls shows us that this created a 1-kilobyte file. It is full of
random bytes read from the special file, /dev/urandom.

Now, suppose Dracula adds mars.jpg to his repository:

$ git add mars.jpg
$ git commit -m "Add picture of Martian surface"
[main 8e4115c] Add picture of Martian surface
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 mars.jpg

Suppose that Wolfman has added a similar picture in the meantime.
His is a picture of the Martian sky, but it is also called mars.jpg.
When Dracula tries to push, he gets a familiar message:

To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
 ! [rejected]        main -> main (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/vlad/planets.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

We’ve learned that we must pull first and resolve any conflicts:

When there is a conflict on an image or other binary file, git prints
a message like this:

$ git pull origin main
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
 * branch            main     -> FETCH_HEAD
   6a67967..439dc8c  main     -> origin/main
warning: Cannot merge binary files: mars.jpg (HEAD vs. 439dc8c08869c342438f6dc4a2b615b05b93c76e)
Auto-merging mars.jpg
CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in mars.jpg
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

The conflict message here is mostly the same as it was for mars.txt, but
there is one key additional line:

warning: Cannot merge binary files: mars.jpg (HEAD vs. 439dc8c08869c342438f6dc4a2b615b05b93c76e)

Git cannot automatically insert conflict markers into an image as it does
for text files. So, instead of editing the image file, we must check out
the version we want to keep. Then we can add and commit this version.

On the key line above, Git has conveniently given us commit identifiers
for the two versions of mars.jpg. Our version is HEAD, and Wolfman’s
version is 439dc8c0.... If we want to use our version, we can use
git checkout:

$ git checkout HEAD mars.jpg
$ git add mars.jpg
$ git commit -m "Use image of surface instead of sky"
[main 21032c3] Use image of surface instead of sky

If instead we want to use Wolfman’s version, we can use git checkout with
Wolfman’s commit identifier, 439dc8c0:

$ git checkout 439dc8c0 mars.jpg
$ git add mars.jpg
$ git commit -m "Use image of sky instead of surface"
[main da21b34] Use image of sky instead of surface

We can also keep both images. The catch is that we cannot keep them
under the same name. But, we can check out each version in succession
and rename it, then add the renamed versions. First, check out each
image and rename it:

$ git checkout HEAD mars.jpg
$ git mv mars.jpg mars-surface.jpg
$ git checkout 439dc8c0 mars.jpg
$ mv mars.jpg mars-sky.jpg

Then, remove the old mars.jpg and add the two new files:

$ git rm mars.jpg
$ git add mars-surface.jpg
$ git add mars-sky.jpg
$ git commit -m "Use two images: surface and sky"
[main 94ae08c] Use two images: surface and sky
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 mars-sky.jpg
 rename mars.jpg => mars-surface.jpg (100%)

Now both images of Mars are checked into the repository, and mars.jpg
no longer exists.

A Typical Work Session

You sit down at your computer to work on a shared project that is tracked in a
remote Git repository. During your work session, you take the following
actions, but not in this order:

  • Make changes by appending the number 100 to a text file numbers.txt
  • Update remote repository to match the local repository
  • Celebrate your success with some fancy beverage(s)
  • Update local repository to match the remote repository
  • Stage changes to be committed
  • Commit changes to the local repository

In what order should you perform these actions to minimize the chances of
conflicts? Put the commands above in order in the action column of the table
below. When you have the order right, see if you can write the corresponding
commands in the command column. A few steps are populated to get you
started.

order action . . . . . . . . . . command . . . . . . . . . .
1    
2   echo 100 >> numbers.txt
3    
4    
5    
6 Celebrate! AFK

Solution

order action . . . . . . command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Update local git pull origin main
2 Make changes echo 100 >> numbers.txt
3 Stage changes git add numbers.txt
4 Commit changes git commit -m "Add 100 to numbers.txt"
5 Update remote git push origin main
6 Celebrate! AFK

Key Points

  • Conflicts occur when two or more people change the same lines of the same file.

  • The version control system does not allow people to overwrite each other’s changes blindly, but highlights conflicts so that they can be resolved.

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