Requests exceptions httperror 403 client error forbidden - Исправление ошибок и поиск оптимальных решений проблем

I needed to parse a site, but i got an error 403 Forbidden.
Here is a code:

url = 'http://worldagnetwork.com/'
result = requests.get(url)
print(result.content.decode())

Its output:

<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>

Please, say what the problem is.

asked Jul 20, 2016 at 19:36

Толкачёв ИванТолкачёв Иван

1,6193 gold badges10 silver badges13 bronze badges

It seems the page rejects GET requests that do not identify a User-Agent. I visited the page with a browser (Chrome) and copied the User-Agent header of the GET request (look in the Network tab of the developer tools):

import requests
url = 'http://worldagnetwork.com/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.102 Safari/537.36'}
result = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
print(result.content.decode())

# <!doctype html>
# <!--[if lt IE 7 ]><html class="no-js ie ie6" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
# <!--[if IE 7 ]><html class="no-js ie ie7" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
# <!--[if IE 8 ]><html class="no-js ie ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
# <!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--><html class="no-js" lang="en"> <!--<![endif]-->
# ...

answered Jul 20, 2016 at 19:48

Just add to Alberto’s answer:

If you still get a 403 Forbidden after adding a user-agent, you may need to add more headers, such as referer:

headers = {
    'User-Agent': '...',
    'referer': 'https://...'
}

The headers can be found in the Network > Headers > Request Headers of the Developer Tools. (Press F12 to toggle it.)

answered Jul 9, 2019 at 5:44

If You are the server’s owner/admin, and the accepted solution didn’t work for You, then try disabling CSRF protection (link to an SO answer).

I am using Spring (Java), so the setup requires You to make a SecurityConfig.java file containing:

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    @Override
    protected void configure (HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.csrf().disable();
    }
    // ...
}

answered May 26, 2018 at 11:31

AleksandarAleksandar

3,1481 gold badge36 silver badges42 bronze badges

Источник

Summary

TL;DR: requests raises a 403 while requesting an authenticated Github API route, which otherwise succeeds while using curl/another python library like httpx

Was initially discovered in the ‘ghexport’ project; I did a reasonable amount of debugging and created this repo before submitting this issue to PyGithub, but thats a lot to look through, just leaving it here as context.

It’s been hard to reproduce, the creator of ghexport (where this was initially discovered) didn’t have the same issue, so I’m unsure of the exact reason

Expected Result

requests succeeds for the authenticated request

Actual Result

Request fails, with:

{'message': 'Must have push access to repository', 'documentation_url': 'https://docs.github.com/rest/reference/repos#get-repository-clones'}
failed
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 47, in <module>
    main()
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 44, in main
    make_request(requests.get, url, headers)
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 31, in make_request
    resp.raise_for_status()
  File "/home/sean/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/requests/models.py", line 941, in raise_for_status
    raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://api.github.com/repos/seanbreckenridge/albums/traffic/clones

Reproduction Steps

Apologies if this is a bit too specific, but otherwise requests works great on my system and I can’t find any other way to reproduce this — Is a bit long as it requires an auth token

Go here and create a token with scopes like:

I’ve compared this to httpx, where it doesn’t fail:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

from typing import Callable, Any

import requests
import httpx


# extract status/status_code from the requests/httpx item
def extract_status(obj: Any) -> int:
    if hasattr(obj, "status"):
        return obj.status
    if hasattr(obj, "status_code"):
        return obj.status_code
    raise TypeError("unsupported request object")


def make_request(using_verb: Callable[..., Any], url: str, headers: Any) -> None:

    print("using", using_verb.__module__, using_verb.__qualname__, url)

    resp = using_verb(url, headers=headers)
    status = extract_status(resp)

    print(str(resp.json()))

    if status == 200:
        print("succeeded")
    else:
        print("failed")
        resp.raise_for_status()


def main():
    # see https://github.com/seanbreckenridge/pygithub_requests_error for token scopes
    auth_token = "put your auth token here"

    headers = {
        "Authorization": "token {}".format(auth_token),
        "User-Agent": "requests_error",
        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
    }

    # replace this with a URL you have access to
    url = "https://api.github.com/repos/seanbreckenridge/albums/traffic/clones"

    make_request(httpx.get, url, headers)
    make_request(requests.get, url, headers)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

That outputs:

using httpx get https://api.github.com/repos/seanbreckenridge/albums/traffic/clones
{'count': 15, 'uniques': 10, 'clones': [{'timestamp': '2021-04-12T00:00:00Z', 'count': 1, 'uniques': 1}, {'timestamp': '2021-04-14T00:00:00Z', 'count': 1, 'uniques': 1}, {'timestamp': '2021-04-17T00:00:00Z', 'count': 1, 'uniques': 1}, {'timestamp': '2021-04-18T00:00:00Z', 'count': 2, 'uniques': 2}, {'timestamp': '2021-04-23T00:00:00Z', 'count': 9, 'uniques': 5}, {'timestamp': '2021-04-25T00:00:00Z', 'count': 1, 'uniques': 1}]}
succeeded
using requests.api get https://api.github.com/repos/seanbreckenridge/albums/traffic/clones
{'message': 'Must have push access to repository', 'documentation_url': 'https://docs.github.com/rest/reference/repos#get-repository-clones'}
failed
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 48, in <module>
    main()
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 45, in main
    make_request(requests.get, url, headers)
  File "/home/sean/Repos/pygithub_requests_error/minimal.py", line 32, in make_request
    resp.raise_for_status()
  File "/home/sean/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/requests/models.py", line 943, in raise_for_status
    raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://api.github.com/repos/seanbreckenridge/albums/traffic/clones

Another thing that may be useful as context is the pdb trace I did here, which was me stepping into where the request was made in PyGithub, and making all the requests manually using the computed url/headers. Fails when I use requests.get but httpx.get works fine:

> /home/sean/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/github/Requester.py(484)__requestEncode()
-> self.NEW_DEBUG_FRAME(requestHeaders)
(Pdb) n
> /home/sean/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/github/Requester.py(486)__requestEncode()
-> status, responseHeaders, output = self.__requestRaw(
(Pdb) w
  /home/sean/Repos/ghexport/export.py(109)<module>()
-> main()
  /home/sean/Repos/ghexport/export.py(84)main()
-> j = get_json(**params)
  /home/sean/Repos/ghexport/export.py(74)get_json()
-> return Exporter(**params).export_json()
  /home/sean/Repos/ghexport/export.py(60)export_json()
-> repo._requester.requestJsonAndCheck('GET', repo.url + '/traffic/' + f)
  /home/sean/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/github/Requester.py(318)requestJsonAndCheck()
-> *self.requestJson(
  /home/sean/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/github/Requester.py(410)requestJson()
-> return self.__requestEncode(cnx, verb, url, parameters, headers, input, encode)
> /home/sean/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/github/Requester.py(486)__requestEncode()
-> status, responseHeaders, output = self.__requestRaw(
(Pdb) url
'/repos/seanbreckenridge/advent-of-code-2019/traffic/views'
(Pdb) requestHeaders
{'Authorization': 'token <MY TOKEN HERE>', 'User-Agent': 'PyGithub/Python'}
(Pdb) import requests
(Pdb) requests.get("https://api.github.com" + url, headers=requestHeaders).json()
{'message': 'Must have push access to repository', 'documentation_url': 'https://docs.github.com/rest/reference/repos#get-page-views'}
(Pdb) httpx.get("https://api.github.com" + url, headers=requestHeaders).json()
{'count': 0, 'uniques': 0, 'views': []}
(Pdb) httpx succeeded??

System Information

$ python -m requests.help

{
  "chardet": {
    "version": "3.0.4"
  },
  "cryptography": {
    "version": "3.4.7"
  },
  "idna": {
    "version": "2.10"
  },
  "implementation": {
    "name": "CPython",
    "version": "3.9.3"
  },
  "platform": {
    "release": "5.11.16-arch1-1",
    "system": "Linux"
  },
  "pyOpenSSL": {
    "openssl_version": "101010bf",
    "version": "20.0.1"
  },
  "requests": {
    "version": "2.25.1"
  },
  "system_ssl": {
    "version": "101010bf"
  },
  "urllib3": {
    "version": "1.25.9"
  },
  "using_pyopenssl": true
}

$ pip freeze | grep -E 'requests|httpx'
httpx==0.16.1
requests==2.25.1

Источник

The urllib module can be used to make an HTTP request from a site, unlike the requests library, which is a built-in library. This reduces dependencies. In the following article, we will discuss why urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden occurs and how to resolve it.

What is a 403 error?

The 403 error pops up when a user tries to access a forbidden page or, in other words, the page they aren’t supposed to access. 403 is the HTTP status code that the webserver uses to denote the kind of problem that has occurred on the user or the server end. For instance, 200 is the status code for – ‘everything has worked as expected, no errors’. You can go through the other HTTP status code from here.

ModSecurity is a module that protects websites from foreign attacks. It checks whether the requests are being made from a user or from an automated bot. It blocks requests from known spider/bot agents who are trying to scrape the site. Since the urllib library uses something like python urllib/3.3.0 hence, it is easily detected as non-human and therefore gets blocked by mod security.

from urllib import request
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

url = "https://www.gamefaqs.com"
request_site = Request(url)
webpage = urlopen(request_site).read()
print(webpage[:200])

http error 403: forbidden error returned

ModSecurity blocks the request and returns an HTTP error 403: forbidden error if the request was made without a valid user agent. A user-agent is a header that permits a specific string which in turn allows network protocol peers to identify the following:

The Operating System, for instance, Windows, Linux, or macOS.
Websserver’s browser

Moreover, the browser sends the user agent to each and every website that you get connected to. The user-Agent field is included in the HTTP header when the browser gets connected to a website. The header field data differs for each browser.

Why do sites use security that sends 403 responses?

According to a survey, more than 50% of internet traffic comes from automated sources. Automated sources can be scrapers or bots. Therefore it gets necessary to prevent these attacks. Moreover, scrapers tend to send multiple requests, and sites have some rate limits. The rate limit dictates how many requests a user can make. If the user(here scraper) exceeds it, it gets some kind of error, for instance, urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden.

Resolving urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden?

This error is caused due to mod security detecting the scraping bot of the urllib and blocking it. Therefore, in order to resolve it, we have to include user-agent/s in our scraper. This will ensure that we can safely scrape the website without getting blocked and running across an error. Let’s take a look at two ways to avoid urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden.

Method 1: using user-agent

from urllib import request
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

url = "https://www.gamefaqs.com"
request_site = Request(url, headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"})
webpage = urlopen(request_site).read()
print(webpage[:500])

In the code above, we have added a new parameter called headers which has a user-agent Mozilla/5.0. Details about the user’s device, OS, and browser are given by the webserver by the user-agent string. This prevents the bot from being blocked by the site.

For instance, the user agent string gives information to the server that you are using Brace browser and Linux OS on your computer. Thereafter, the server accordingly sends the information.

Using the user-agent, the error gets resolved.

Method 2: using Session object

There are times when even using user-agent won’t prevent the urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden. Then we can use the Session object of the request module. For instance:

from random import seed
import requests

url = "https://www.gamefaqs.com"
session_obj = requests.Session()
response = session_obj.get(url, headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"})

print(response.status_code)

The site could be using cookies as a defense mechanism against scraping. It’s possible the site is setting and requesting cookies to be echoed back as a defense against scraping, which might be against its policy.

The Session object is compatible with cookies.

Using Session object to resolve urllib.error

Catching urllib.error.httperror

urllib.error.httperror can be caught using the try-except method. Try-except block can capture any exception, which can be hard to debug. For instance, it can capture exceptions like SystemExit and KeyboardInterupt. Let’s see how can we do this, for instance:

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import HTTPError

url = "https://www.gamefaqs.com"

try:
    request_site = Request(url)
    webpage = urlopen(request_site).read()
    print(webpage[:500])
except HTTPError as e:
    print("Error occured!")
    print(e)

Catching the error using the try-except

FAQs

How to fix the 403 error in the browser?

You can try the following steps in order to resolve the 403 error in the browser try refreshing the page, rechecking the URL, clearing the browser cookies, check your user credentials.

Why do scraping modules often get 403 errors?

Scrapers often don’t use headers while requesting information. This results in their detection by the mod security. Hence, scraping modules often get 403 errors.

Conclusion

In this article, we covered why and when urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden it can occur. Moreover, we looked at the different ways to resolve the error. We also covered the handling of this error.

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Источник

Написал мини-crawler, парсящий страницу на предмет картинок.
url картинок парсит правильно, и до тех пор, пока картинки находятся на том же сервере — скачивает их нормально. Но стоит только попасться ссылке на AmazonAWS — получаем

 requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://s3.amazonaws.com/blahblahblah

Курение stackoverflow выдало ответ “проверьте разницу во времени с сервером”, но это ерунда, ибо у меня в браузере она же открывается нормально.

 This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is shown below.
<Error>
<Code>AccessDenied</Code>
<Message>Access Denied</Message>
<RequestId>007FD4D940971B9B</RequestId>
<HostId>
L8n7l3ps8dFrVwSoIDOkL5WvJ1vSTS8QnVyBXxMQDeAU/ebqKSEFrdVjDG8DI8LHfe2dNS1aYLg=
</HostId>
</Error>

Очевидно, что амазон что-то просит, но я не понимаю, что именно… куки? request code?

 <!DOCTYPE doctype html>
<html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#">
 <head>
  <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fjalla+One%3A400%7CJosefin+Sans%3A600%2C300italic%7CSource+Sans+Pro%3A300%7CArapey%3A400%7CSatisfy%3A400%7CJosefin+Slab" rel="stylesheet"/>
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</input>
<!-- This website is like a Rocket, isn't it? Performance optimized by WP Rocket. Learn more: https://wp-rocket.me - Debug: cached@1487150413 -->

Т.е. хочет имя печеньки… а где его взять, если я его не знаю?
Всё, что есть в исходнике — это ссылка на скрипт json, который выдаёт такое:

 /*!
 * jQuery Cookie Plugin v1.4.1
 * https://github.com/carhartl/jquery-cookie
 *
 * Copyright 2013 Klaus Hartl
 * Released under the MIT license
 */
!function(a){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["jquery"],a):a("object"==typeof exports?require("jquery"):jQuery)}(function(a){function b(a){return h.raw?a:encodeURIComponent(a)}function c(a){return h.raw?a:decodeURIComponent(a)}function d(a){return b(h.json?JSON.stringify(a):String(a))}function e(a){0===a.indexOf('"')&&(a=a.slice(1,-1).replace(/\"/g,'"').replace(/\\/g,"\"));try{return a=decodeURIComponent(a.replace(g," ")),h.json?JSON.parse(a):a}catch(a){}}function f(b,c){var d=h.raw?b:e(b);return a.isFunction(c)?c(d):d}var g=/+/g,h=a.cookie=function(e,g,i){if(void 0!==g&&!a.isFunction(g)){if(i=a.extend({},h.defaults,i),"number"==typeof i.expires){var j=i.expires,k=i.expires=new Date;k.setTime(+k+864e5*j)}return document.cookie=[b(e),"=",d(g),i.expires?"; expires="+i.expires.toUTCString():"",i.path?"; path="+i.path:"",i.domain?"; domain="+i.domain:"",i.secure?"; secure":""].join("")}for(var l=e?void 0:{},m=document.cookie?document.cookie.split("; "):[],n=0,o=m.length;n<o;n++){var p=m[n].split("="),q=c(p.shift()),r=p.join("=");if(e&&e===q){l=f(r,g);break}e||void 0===(r=f(r))||(l[q]=r)}return l};h.defaults={},a.removeCookie=function(b,c){return void 0!==a.cookie(b)&&(a.cookie(b,"",a.extend({},c,{expires:-1})),!a.cookie(b))}});

Отредактировано m0rtal (Фев. 15, 2017 11:48:36)

Источник

I’m using wsl2 on windows; after one successful integration test on goerli with pytest on ubuntu, I’m constantly getting this error on running my tests:

requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://goerli.infura.io/v3/MY_PROJECT_ID

Any help would be appreciated.
Thanks a lot.

Full body error is:

def test_owner_can_change_tokens_approval():
if network.show_active() in LOCAL_BLOCKCHAIN_ENVIRONMENTS:
pytest.skip()
account = get_account()

  (staking, koala_Token) = deploy_KoalaToken_and_Staking()
tests/Integration/test_staking_integration.py:68:

scripts/deploy.py:10: in deploy_KoalaToken_and_Staking
koala_Token = KoalaToken.deploy(1000000000000000000000000, {“from”: account})
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/eth.py:831: in send_raw_transaction
return self._send_raw_transaction(transaction)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/module.py:57: in caller
result = w3.manager.request_blocking(method_str,
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/manager.py:197: in request_blocking
response = self._make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/manager.py:150: in _make_request
return request_func(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/formatting.py:94: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/gas_price_strategy.py:90: in middleware
return make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/formatting.py:94: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/attrdict.py:33: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/formatting.py:94: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/formatting.py:94: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/formatting.py:94: in middleware
response = make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/buffered_gas_estimate.py:40: in middleware
return make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/middleware/exception_retry_request.py:105: in middleware
return make_request(method, params)
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/providers/rpc.py:88: in make_request
raw_response = make_post_request(
…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/web3/_utils/request.py:103: in make_post_request
response.raise_for_status()

self = <Response [403]>

def raise_for_status(self):
    """Raises :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""

    http_error_msg = ""
    if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
        # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
        # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
        # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
        # encodings. (See PR #3538)
        try:
            reason = self.reason.decode("utf-8")
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            reason = self.reason.decode("iso-8859-1")
    else:
        reason = self.reason

    if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
        http_error_msg = (
            f"{self.status_code} Client Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
        )

    elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
        http_error_msg = (
            f"{self.status_code} Server Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
        )

    if http_error_msg:
      raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
E requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://goerli.infura.io/v3/MY_PROJECT_ID

…/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/models.py:1021: HTTPError

This is the python test script that I tried to run:

def test_owner_can_change_tokens_approval():
# Arrange
if network.show_active() in LOCAL_BLOCKCHAIN_ENVIRONMENTS:
    pytest.skip()
account = get_account()
(staking, koala_Token) = deploy_KoalaToken_and_Staking()
# Act
staking.changeTokenApproval(koala_Token, {"from": account})
# Assert
assert staking.tokenIsApproved(koala_Token) == False

And this is my deployment script:

    from brownie import KoalaToken, Staking
    from scripts.helpful_scripts import get_contract, get_account
    from web3 import Web3
    
    REMAINED_KLA_AMOUNT = Web3.toWei(1000, "ether")
    
    
    def deploy_KoalaToken_and_Staking():
        account = get_account()
        koala_Token = KoalaToken.deploy(1000000000000000000000000, {"from": account})
        staking = Staking.deploy(koala_Token, 30, {"from": account})
        tx = koala_Token.transfer(
            staking,
            koala_Token.totalSupply() - REMAINED_KLA_AMOUNT,
            {"from": account},
        )
        tx.wait(1)
        weth_token = get_contract("weth_token")
        TOKENS_PRIC_FEED_ADDRESSES = {
            koala_Token: get_contract("link_usd_price_feed"),
            weth_token: get_contract("eth_usd_price_feed"),
        }
        TOKENS_RATE = {koala_Token: 6, weth_token: 0.5}
        set_tokens_data(staking, TOKENS_PRIC_FEED_ADDRESSES, TOKENS_RATE, account)
        return staking, koala_Token
    
    
    def set_tokens_data(staking, TOKENS_PRICE_FEED_ADDRESSES, TOKENS_RATE, account):
        for token in TOKENS_PRICE_FEED_ADDRESSES:
            set_tx = staking.setTokensData(
                token,
                TOKENS_RATE[token],
                TOKENS_PRICE_FEED_ADDRESSES[token],
                {"from": account},
            )
            set_tx.wait(1)
    
        return staking

This is the original error:

Источник

Вопрос:

Метод urllib.request.urlopen () часто используется для открытия исходного кода веб-страницы, а затем для анализа исходного кода этой страницы, но для некоторых веб-сайтов при использовании этого метода возникает исключение «Ошибка HTTP 403: запрещено».

Например, при выполнении следующего оператора

 urllib.request.urlopen("http://blog.csdn.net/eric_sunah/article/details/11099295")

Появится следующее исключение:

  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 475, in open
    response = meth(req, response)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 587, in http_response
    'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 513, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 447, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 595, in http_error_default
    raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden

анализ:

Вышеуказанное исключение происходит потому, что если вы откроете URL-адрес с помощью urllib.request.urlopen, сервер получит только простой запрос на доступ к странице, но сервер не знает браузер, использованный для отправки этого запроса. Операционная система, аппаратная платформа и другая информация, а также запросы, в которых отсутствует эта информация, часто имеют ненормальный доступ, например, сканеры.

Чтобы предотвратить такой ненормальный доступ, некоторые веб-сайты будут проверять UserAgent (егоИнформационный пакетВключая аппаратную платформу, системупрограммное обеспечение、применениеИ личные предпочтения пользователя), если UserAgent является ненормальным или не существует, то этот запрос будет отклонен (как показано в сообщении об ошибке выше)

Таким образом, вы можете попытаться добавить информацию UserAgent к запросу.

Программа:

Для Python 3.x добавить информацию UserAgent к запросу очень просто, код выглядит следующим образом

# Если вы не добавите следующую строку, urllib2.HTTPError: Ошибка HTTP 403: появится запрещенная ошибка
         # В основном потому, что сайт запрещает сканирование, вы можете добавить информацию заголовка к запросу и притвориться браузером для доступа к User-Agent. Конкретную информацию можно запросить через плагин Firefox FireBug
    headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0'}
    req = urllib.request.Request(url=chaper_url, headers=headers)
    urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()

После замены urllib.request.urlopen.read () на приведенный выше код, страница с проблемой может быть открыта как обычно

Источник

the urllib Module in Python
Check robots.txt to Prevent urllib HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message
Adding Cookie to the Request Headers to Solve urllib HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message
Use Session Object to Solve urllib HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

Today’s article explains how to deal with an error message (exception), urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden, produced by the error class on behalf of the request classes when it faces a forbidden resource.

the `urllib` Module in Python

The urllib Python module handles URLs for python via different protocols. It is famous for web scrapers who want to obtain data from a particular website.

The urllib contains classes, methods, and functions that perform certain operations such as reading, parsing URLs, and robots.txt. There are four classes, request, error, parse, and robotparser.

Check `robots.txt` to Prevent `urllib` HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

When using the urllib module to interact with clients or servers via the request class, we might experience specific errors. One of those errors is the HTTP 403 error.

We get urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden error message in urllib package while reading a URL. The HTTP 403, the Forbidden Error, is an HTTP status code that indicates that the client or server forbids access to a requested resource.

Therefore, when we see this kind of error message, urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden, the server understands the request but decides not to process or authorize the request that we sent.

To understand why the website we are accessing is not processing our request, we need to check an important file, robots.txt. Before web scraping or interacting with a website, it is often advised to review this file to know what to expect and not face any further troubles.

To check it on any website, we can follow the format below.

https://<website.com>/robots.txt

For example, check YouTube, Amazon, and Google robots.txt files.

https://www.youtube.com/robots.txt
https://www.amazon.com/robots.txt
https://www.google.com/robots.txt

Checking YouTube robots.txt gives the following result.

# robots.txt file for YouTube
# Created in the distant future (the year 2000) after
# the robotic uprising of the mid-'90s wiped out all humans.

User-agent: Mediapartners-Google*
Disallow:

User-agent: *
Disallow: /channel/*/community
Disallow: /comment
Disallow: /get_video
Disallow: /get_video_info
Disallow: /get_midroll_info
Disallow: /live_chat
Disallow: /login
Disallow: /results
Disallow: /signup
Disallow: /t/terms
Disallow: /timedtext_video
Disallow: /user/*/community
Disallow: /verify_age
Disallow: /watch_ajax
Disallow: /watch_fragments_ajax
Disallow: /watch_popup
Disallow: /watch_queue_ajax

Sitemap: https://www.youtube.com/sitemaps/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.youtube.com/product/sitemap.xml

We can notice a lot of Disallow tags there. This Disallow tag shows the website’s area, which is not accessible. Therefore, any request to those areas will not be processed and is forbidden.

In other robots.txt files, we might see an Allow tag. For example, http://youtube.com/comment is forbidden to any external request, even with the urllib module.

Let’s write code to scrape data from a website that returns an HTTP 403 error when accessed.

Example Code:

import urllib.request
import re

webpage = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/products.html?redirect=/trading/products/#cleared=Options&sortField=oi').read()
findrows = re.compile('<tr class="- banding(?:On|Off)>(.*?)</tr>')
findlink = re.compile('<a href =">(.*)</a>')

row_array = re.findall(findrows, webpage)
links = re.findall(findlink, webpage)

print(len(row_array))

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "c:UsersakinlDocumentsPythonindex.py", line 7, in <module>
    webpage = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/products.html?redirect=/trading/products/#cleared=Options&sortField=oi').read()
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 216, in urlopen
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 525, in open
    response = meth(req, response)
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 634, in http_response
    response = self.parent.error(
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 563, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 496, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "C:Python310liburllibrequest.py", line 643, in http_error_default
    raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden

The reason is that we are forbidden from accessing the website. However, if we check the robots.txt file, we will notice that https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/ is not with a Disallow tag. However, if we go down the robots.txt file for the website we wanted to scrape, we will find the below.

User-agent: Python-urllib/1.17
Disallow: /

The above text means that the user agent named Python-urllib is not allowed to crawl any URL within the site. That means using the Python urllib module is not allowed to crawl the site.

Therefore, check or parse the robots.txt to know what resources we have access to. we can parse robots.txt file using the robotparser class. These can prevent our code from experiencing an urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden error message.

Passing a valid user agent as a header parameter will quickly fix the problem. The website may use cookies as an anti-scraping measure.

The website may set and ask for cookies to be echoed back to prevent scraping, which is maybe against its policy.

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

def get_page_content(url, head):

  req = Request(url, headers=head)
  return urlopen(req)

url = 'https://example.com'
head = {
  'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.84 Safari/537.36',
  'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9',
  'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'none',
  'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.8',
  'Connection': 'keep-alive',
  'refere': 'https://example.com',
  'cookie': """your cookie value ( you can get that from your web page) """
}

data = get_page_content(url, head).read()
print(data)

Output:

<!doctype html>n<html>n<head>n    <title>Example Domain</title>nn    <meta
'
'
'
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>n</div>n</body>n</html>n'

Passing a valid user agent as a header parameter will quickly fix the problem.

Use Session Object to Solve `urllib` HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

Sometimes, even using a user agent won’t stop this error from occurring. The Session object of the requests module can then be used.

from random import seed
import requests

url = "https://stackoverflow.com/search?q=html+error+403"
session_obj = requests.Session()
response = session_obj.get(url, headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"})

print(response.status_code)

Output:

The above article finds the cause of the urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden and the solution to handle it. mod_security basically causes this error as different web pages use different security mechanisms to differentiate between human and automated computers (bots).

Источник

Перед использованием получите API ключ в кабинете разработчика:

Самые важные ответы на вопросы:

В открытом. Ваш код будет публично опубликован, это открытая система
В бесплатном. Вы пишете код в образовательных целях
Буду отображать данные на карте. По шагам урока вам предстоит это сделать

Что дальше?

Мы уже сами написали для вас функцию, которая получит координаты места по его названию, осталось ей воспользоваться. Для её работы нужно установить библиотеку requests==2.*

import requests

def fetch_coordinates(apikey, address):
    base_url = "https://geocode-maps.yandex.ru/1.x"
    response = requests.get(base_url, params={
        "geocode": address,
        "apikey": apikey,
        "format": "json",
    })
    response.raise_for_status()
    found_places = response.json()['response']['GeoObjectCollection']['featureMember']

    if not found_places:
        return None

    most_relevant = found_places[0]
    lon, lat = most_relevant['GeoObject']['Point']['pos'].split(" ")
    return lon, lat

Пример использования:

apikey = '41f31cb9-8414-4c9a-bd82-79ec5d22b8ec'  # ваш ключ

coords = fetch_coordinates(apikey, "Внуково")
print(coords)  # ('37.295014', '55.608562')

coords = fetch_coordinates(apikey, "Серпуховская")
print(coords)  # ('37.624992', '55.726872')

coords = fetch_coordinates(apikey, "Красная площадь")
print(coords)  # ('37.621031', '55.753595')

coords = fetch_coordinates(apikey, "UNEXIST")
print(coords)  # None

Частые проблемы

Порой Яндекс-геокодер отказывается принимать новые ключи. При вызове функция fetch_coordinates ломается с такой ошибкой:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 22, in <module>
    coords = fetch_coordinates(apikey2, address)
  File "main.py", line 12, in fetch_coordinates
    response.raise_for_status()
  File "/home/runner/.local/share/virtualenvs/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/models.py", line 940, in raise_for_status
    raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url: https://geocode-maps.yandex.ru/1.x?geocode=Moscow&apikey=41f31cb9-8414-4c9a-bd82-79ec5d22b8ec&format=json

Здесь самая важная часть сообщения находится в последней строке:

HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url ...

Ошибка с кодом403 означает, что сервер отказывается работать с указанным ключом API.

Проблема исчезает сама примерно за полчаса. Столько времени требуется серверам Яндекса на то, чтобы узнать о регистрации нового ключа.

Попробуйте бесплатные уроки по Python

Получите крутое код-ревью от практикующих программистов с разбором ошибок и рекомендациями, на что обратить внимание — бесплатно.

Переходите на страницу учебных модулей «Девмана» и выбирайте тему.

Источник

problem:
The urllib.request-urlopen () method is often used to open the source code of a web page and then analyze the source code of the page, but it will throw an “HTTP Error 403: Forbidden” exception for some websites
For example, when the following statement is executed,

 urllib.request.urlopen("http://blog.csdn.net/eric_sunah/article/details/11099295")

will appear the following exception:

  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 475, in open
    response = meth(req, response)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 587, in http_response
    'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 513, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 447, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "D:Python32liburllibrequest.py", line 595, in http_error_default
    raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib.error.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden

Analysis:
Appear abnormal, because if use urllib request. Open a URL urlopen way, the server will only receive a simple access request for the page, but the server does not know to send the request to use the browser, operating system, hardware platform, such as information, and often lack the information request are normal access, such as the crawler.
In order to prevent this abnormal access, some websites will verify the UserAgent in the request information (its information includes hardware platform, system software, application software, and user preferences). If the UserAgent is abnormal or does not exist, then the request will be rejected (as shown in the error message above).
So you can try to add the UserAgent’s information
to the request
Solution:
For Python 3.x, adding the UserAgent information to the request is simple as follows

#HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden error appears if the following line is not added
    #The main reason is that the site is forbidden to crawl, you can add header information to the request, pretending to be a browser to access the User-Agent, specific information can be found through the Firefox FireBug plugin.
    headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0'}
    req = urllib.request.Request(url=chaper_url, headers=headers)
    urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()

The urllib. Request. Urlopen. Read () to replace the above code, for problems page can normal visit

Источник

Summary

Expected Result

Actual Result

Reproduction Steps

System Information

What is a 403 error?

Why do sites use security that sends 403 responses?

Resolving urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden?

Method 1: using user-agent

Method 2: using Session object

Catching urllib.error.httperror

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the urllib Module in Python

Check robots.txt to Prevent urllib HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

Use Session Object to Solve urllib HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

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the `urllib` Module in Python

Check `robots.txt` to Prevent `urllib` HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message

Use Session Object to Solve `urllib` HTTP Error 403 Forbidden Message