String index out of range python как исправить

Like lists, Python strings are indexed. This means each value in a string has its own index number which you can use to access that value. If you try to access an index value that does not exist in a string, you’ll encounter a “TypeError: string index out of range” error.

In this guide, we discuss what this error means and why it is raised. We walk through an example of this error in action to help you figure out how to solve it.

TypeError: string index out of range

In Python, strings are indexed starting from 0. Take a look at the string “Pineapple”:

“Pineapple” contains nine letters. Because strings are indexed from 0, the last letter in our string has the index number 8. The first letter in our string has the index number 0.

If we try to access an item at position 9 in our list, we’ll encounter an error. This is because there is no letter at index position 9 for Python to read.

The “TypeError: string index out of range” error is common if you forget to take into account that strings are indexed from 0. It’s also common in for loops that use a range() statement.

Example Scenario: Strings Are Indexed From 0

Take a look at a program that prints out all of the letters in a string on a new line:

def print_string(sentence):
	count = 0

	while count <= len(sentence):
		print(sentence[count])
		count += 1

Our code uses a while loop to loop through every letter in the variable “sentence”. Each time a loop executes, our variable “count” is increased by 1. This lets us move on to the next letter when our loop continues.

Let’s call our function with an example sentence:

Our code returns:

S
t
r
i
n
g
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 8, in <module>
	print_string("test")
  File "main.py", line 5, in print_string
	print(sentence[count])
IndexError: string index out of range

Our code prints out each character in our string. After every character is printed, an error is raised. This is because our while loop continues until “count” is no longer less than or equal to the length of “sentence”.

To solve this error, we must ensure our while loop only runs when “count” is less than the length of our string. This is because strings are indexed from 0 and the len() method returns the full length of a string. So, the length of “string” is 6. However, there is no character at index position 6 in our string.

Let’s revise our while loop:

while count < len(sentence):

This loop will only run while the value of “count” is less than the length of “sentence”.

Run our code and see what happens:

Our code runs successfully!

Example Scenario: Hamming Distance Program

Here, we write a program that calculates the Hamming Distance between two sequences. This tells us how many differences there are between two strings.

Start by defining a function that calculates the Hamming distance:

def hamming(a, b):
	differences = 0

	for c in range(0, len(a)):
		if a[c] != b[c]:
			differences += 1

	return differences

Our function accepts two arguments: a and b. These arguments contain the string values that we want to compare.

In our function, we use a for loop to go through each position in our strings to see if the characters at that position are the same. If they are not the same, the “differences” counter is increased by one.

Call our function and try it out with two strings:

answer = hamming("Tess1", "Test")
print(answer)

Run our code and see what happens:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 10, in <module>
	answer = hamming("Tess1", "Test")
  File "main.py", line 5, in hamming
	if a[c] != b[c]:
IndexError: string index out of range

Our code returns an error. This is because “a” and “b” are not the same length. “a” has one more character than “b”. This causes our loop to try to find another character in “b” that does not exist even after we’ve searched through all the characters in “b”.

We can solve this error by first checking if our strings are valid:

def hamming(a, b):
	differences = 0

	if len(a) != len(b):
		print("Strings must be the same length.")
		return 

	for c in range(0, len(a)):
		if a[c] != b[c]:
			differences += 1

	return differences

We’ve used an “if” statement to check if our strings are the same length. If they are, our program will run. If they are not, our program will print a message to the console and our function will return a null value to our main program. Run our code again:

Strings must be the same length.
None

Our code no longer returns an error. Try our algorithm on strings that have the same length:

answer = hamming("Test", "Tess")
print(answer)

Our code returns: 1. Our code has successfully calculated the Hamming Distance between the strings “Test” and “Tess”.

Conclusion

The “TypeError: string index out of range” error is raised when you try to access an item at an index position that does not exist. You solve this error by making sure that your code treats strings as if they are indexed from the position 0.

Now you’re ready to solve this common Python error like a professional coder!

The python error IndexError: string index out of range occurs if a character is not available at the string index. The string index value is out of range of the String length. The python error IndexError: string index out of range occurs when a character is retrieved from the out side index of the string range.

The IndexError: string index out of range error occurs when attempting to access a character using the index outside the string index range. To identify a character in the string, the string index is used. This error happens when access is outside of the string’s index range.

If the character is retrieved by an index that is outside the range of the string index value, the python interpreter can not locate the location of the memory. The string index starts from 0 to the total number of characters in the string. If the index is out of range, It throws the error IndexError: string index out of range.

A string is a sequence of characters. The characters are retrieved by the index. The index is a location identifier for the ordered memory location where character is stored. A string index starts from 0 to the total number of characters in the string.

Exception

The IndexError: string index out of range error will appear as in the stack trace below. Stack trace shows the line the error has occurred at.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/python/Desktop/test.py", line 2, in <module>
    print ("the value is ", x[6])
IndexError: string index out of range
[Finished in 0.1s with exit code 1]

Root cause

The character in the string is retrieved via the character index. If the index is outside the range of the string index the python interpreter can’t find the character from the location of the memory. Thus it throws an error on the index. The string index starts from 0 and ends with the character number in the string.

Forward index of the string

Python allows two forms of indexing, forward indexing and backward indexing. The forward index begins at 0 and terminates with the number of characters in the string. The forward index is used to iterate a character in the forward direction. The character in the string will be written in the same index order.

Backward index of the string

Python allows backward indexing. The reverse index starts from-1 and ends with the negative value of the number of characters in the string. The backward index is used to iterate the characters in the opposite direction. In the reverse sequence of the index, the character in the string is printed. The back index is as shown below

Solution 1

The index value should be within the range of String. If the index value is out side the string index range, the index error will be thrown. Make sure that the index range is with in the index range of the string. 

The string index range starts with 0 and ends with the number of characters in the string. The reverse string index starts with -1 and ends with negative value of number of characters in the string.

In the example below, the string contains 5 characters “hello”. The index value starts at 0 and ends at 4. The reverse index starts at -1 and ends at -5.

Program

x = "hello"
print "the value is ", x[5]

Output

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/python/Desktop/test.py", line 2, in <module>
    print "the value is ", x[5]
IndexError: string index out of range
[Finished in 0.0s with exit code 1]

Solution

x = "hello"
print "the value is ", x[4]

Output

the value is  o
[Finished in 0.1s]

Solution 2

If the string is created dynamically, the string length is unknown. The string is iterated and the characters are retrieved based on the index. In this case , the value of the index is unpredictable. If an index is used to retrieve the character in the string, the index value should be validated with the length of the string.

The len() function in the string returns the total length of the string. The value of the index should be less than the total length of the string. The error IndexError: string index out of range will be thrown if the index value exceeds the number of characters in the string

Program

x = "hello"
index = 5
print "the value is ", x[index]

Output

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/python/Desktop/test.py", line 3, in <module>
    print "the value is ", x[index]
IndexError: string index out of range
[Finished in 0.1s with exit code 1]

Solution

x = "hello"
index = 4
if index < len(x) :
	print "the value is ", x[index]

Output

the value is  o
[Finished in 0.1s]

Solution 3

Alternatively, the IndexError: string index out of range error is handled using exception handling. The try block is used to handle if there is an index out of range error.

x = "hello"
print "the value is ", x[5]

Exception

the value is 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/python/Desktop/test.py", line 2, in <module>
    print "the value is ", x[5]
IndexError: string index out of range
[Finished in 0.1s with exit code 1]

Solution

try:
	x = "hello"
	print "the value is ", x[5]
except:
	print "not available"

Output

the value is  not available
[Finished in 0.1s]

“IndexError: string index out of range in Python” is a common error related to the wrong index. The below explanations can explain more about the causes of this error and solutions. You will know the way to create a function to check the range.

How does the “TypeError: encoding without a string argument” in Python occur?

Basically, this error occurs when you are working with a string, and you have some statement in your code that attempts to access an out of range index of a string, which may be larger than the total length of the string. For example:

string = 'LearnShareIT'

print(len(string))
print (string[12])

Output

12
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "code.py", line 4, in <module>
    print (string[12])
IndexError: string index out of range

The example above shows that our string (“LearnShareIT”) has 12 characters. However, it is trying to access index 12 of that string. At first, you may think this is possible, but you need to recall that Python strings (or most programming languages) start at index 0, not 1. This error often occurs with new programmers. To fix the error, we provide you with the following solutions:

How to solve the error?

Create a function to check the range

As we have explained, you cannot access indexes that equal to or exceed the total length of the string. To prevent this happen, you can create your own function, which is used for accessing a string if you provided a valid index, otherwise returns None:

def myFunction(string, index):
    if (index >= -len(string) and index < len(string)):
        return string[index]
    else: return None
    
string = 'LearnShareIT'
print(len(string))
print (myFunction(string,12))

Output

12
None

The above example also works on negative indexes:

print(myFunction(string,-12))

Output

L

The logic behind this method is understandable. We use the len() function to get the total length of a string and use an if statement to make sure the index is smaller than the length and not smaller than the negative length (which is like index 0 also represents the first character of a string). However, this function does not help you to retry with a new index when the error is raised. In the next solution, we can do this by using try catch exception.

Use try-catch exception with loop

Another way to catch the error is to use a while loop to repeatedly ask the user to input the string until the string has enough characters which is able to access the given index:

print('type a string to access the 12th index')
string = input()
print(len(string))

while (True):
    try:
        print (string[12])
        break
    except:
        print('Wrong input, please type again:')
        string = input()

Output

type a string to access the 12th index
LearnShareIT
12
Wrong input, please type again:
LearnShareIT!
!

However, remember that the while loop will run forever if the user keeps on providing invalid strings which are not long enough to access our index. This problem usually occurs when the given index is very big such as 1000:

print('type a string to access the 1000th index')
string = input()
print(len(string))

for i in range (0,5):
    try:
        print (string[1000])
        break
    except:
        print('Wrong input, please type again:')
        string = input()

print("Exit")

Output

type a string to access the 12th index
 
0
Wrong input, please type again:
 
Wrong input, please type again:
 
Wrong input, please type again:
 
Wrong input, please type again:
 
Wrong input, please type again:
 
Exit

To tackle that situation, the above example used the for loop instead of while(true), and the range(0,5) indicates that the loop will run for a maximum of 5 times if the user types invalid inputs.

Summary

In this tutorial, we have helped you to deal with the error “IndexError: string index out of range” in Python. By checking the correct range of the index is smaller than the length of the string, you can easily solve this problem. Good luck to you!

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