Throw new error jest

When you’re writing tests, you often need to check that values meet certain conditions. expect gives you access to a number of «matchers» that let you validate different things.

Methods #

• expect(value)
• expect.extend(matchers)
• this.isNot
• this.utils
• expect.anything()
• expect.any(constructor)
• expect.arrayContaining(array)
• expect.assertions(number)
• expect.stringContaining(string)
• expect.stringMatching(regexp)
• expect.objectContaining(object)
• .not
• .toBe(value)
• .toHaveBeenCalled()
• .toHaveBeenCalledTimes(number)
• .toHaveBeenCalledWith(arg1, arg2, ...)
• .toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(arg1, arg2, ...)
• .toBeCloseTo(number, numDigits)
• .toBeDefined()
• .toBeFalsy()
• .toBeGreaterThan(number)
• .toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(number)
• .toBeLessThan(number)
• .toBeLessThanOrEqual(number)
• .toBeInstanceOf(Class)
• .toBeNull()
• .toBeTruthy()
• .toBeUndefined()
• .toContain(item)
• .toContainEqual(item)
• .toEqual(value)
• .toHaveLength(number)
• .toMatch(regexpOrString)
• .toMatchObject(object)
• .toMatchSnapshot(optionalString)
• .toThrow(error)
• .toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot()

Reference #

expect(value) #

The expect function is used every time you want to test a value. You will rarely call expect by itself. Instead, you will use expect along with a «matcher» function to assert something about a value.

It’s easier to understand this with an example. Let’s say you have a method bestLaCroixFlavor() which is supposed to return the string 'grapefruit'.
Here’s how you would test that:

test('the best flavor is grapefruit', () => {
  expect(bestLaCroixFlavor()).toBe('grapefruit');
});

In this case, toBe is the matcher function. There are a lot of different matcher functions, documented below, to help you test different things.

The argument to expect should be the value that your code produces, and any argument to the matcher should be the correct value. If you mix them up, your tests will still work, but the error messages on failing tests will look strange.

expect.extend(matchers) #

You can use expect.extend to add your own matchers to Jest. For example, let’s say that you’re testing a number theory library and you’re frequently asserting that numbers are divisible by other numbers. You could abstract that into a toBeDivisibleBy matcher:

expect.extend({
  toBeDivisibleBy(received, argument) {
    const pass = (received % argument == 0);
    if (pass) {
      return {
        pass: true,
        message: () => `expected ${received} not to be divisible by ${argument}`,
      }
    } else {
      return {
        pass: false,
        message: () => `expected ${received} to be divisible by ${argument}`,
      }
    }
  }
});

test('even and odd numbers', () => {
  expect(100).toBeDivisibleBy(2);
  expect(101).not.toBeDivisibleBy(2);
});

Matchers should return an object with two keys. pass indicates whether there was a match or not, and message provides a function with no arguments that returns an error message in case of failure. Thus, when pass is false, message should return the error message for when expect(x).yourMatcher() fails. And when pass is true, message should return the error message for when expect(x).not.yourMatcher() fails.

These helper functions can be found on this inside a custom matcher:

this.isNot #

A boolean to let you know this matcher was called with the negated .not modifier allowing you to flip your assertion.

this.utils #

There are a number of helpful tools exposed on this.utils primarily consisting of the exports from jest-matcher-utils.

The most useful ones are matcherHint, printExpected and printReceived to format the error messages nicely. For example, take a look at the implementation for the toBe matcher:

const diff = require('jest-diff');
expect.extend({
  toBe(received, expected) {
    const pass = received === expected;

    const message = pass
      ? () => this.utils.matcherHint('.not.toBe') + 'nn' +
        `Expected value to not be (using ===):n` +
        `  ${this.utils.printExpected(expected)}n` +
        `Received:n` +
        `  ${this.utils.printReceived(received)}`
      : () => {
        const diffString = diff(expected, received, {
          expand: this.expand,
        });
        return this.utils.matcherHint('.toBe') + 'nn' +
        `Expected value to be (using ===):n` +
        `  ${this.utils.printExpected(expected)}n` +
        `Received:n` +
        `  ${this.utils.printReceived(received)}` +
        (diffString ? `nnDifference:nn${diffString}` : '');
      };

    return {actual: received, message, pass};
  },
});

This will print something like this:

  expect(received).toBe(expected)

    Expected value to be (using ===):
      "banana"
    Received:
      "apple"

When an assertion fails, the error message should give as much signal as necessary to the user so they can resolve their issue quickly. You should craft a precise failure message to make sure users of your custom assertions have a good developer experience.

expect.anything() #

expect.anything() matches anything but null or undefined. You can use it inside toEqual or toBeCalledWith instead of a literal value. For example, if you want to check that a mock function is called with a non-null argument:

test('map calls its argument with a non-null argument', () => {
  let mock = jest.fn();
  [1].map(mock);
  expect(mock).toBeCalledWith(expect.anything());
})

expect.any(constructor) #

expect.any(constructor) matches anything that was created with the given constructor. You can use it inside toEqual or toBeCalledWith instead of a literal value. For example, if you want to check that a mock function is called with a number:

function randocall(fn) {
  return fn(Math.floor(Math.random() * 6 + 1));
}

test('randocall calls its callback with a number', () => {
  let mock = jest.fn();
  randocall(mock);
  expect(mock).toBeCalledWith(expect.any(Number));
})

expect.arrayContaining(array) #

expect.arrayContaining(array) matches any array made up entirely of elements in the provided array. You can use it inside toEqual or toBeCalledWith instead of a literal value. For example, this code checks that rollDice returns only valid numbers:

function rollDice(n) {
  let answer = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    answer.push(Math.floor(Math.random() * 6 + 1));
  }
  return answer;
}

test('rollDice only returns valid numbers', () => {
  expect(rollDice(100)).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]));
})

expect.assertions(number) #

expect.assertions(number) verifies that a certain number of assertions are called during a test. This is often useful when testing asynchronous code, in order to make sure that assertions in a callback actually got called.

For example, let’s say that we have a few functions that all deal with state. prepareState calls a callback with a state object, validateState runs on that state object, and waitOnState returns a promise that waits until all prepareState callbacks complete. We can test this with:

test('prepareState prepares a valid state', () => {
  expect.assertions(1);
  prepareState((state) => {
    expect(validateState(state)).toBeTruthy();
  })
  return waitOnState();
})

The expect.assertions(1) call ensures that the prepareState callback actually gets called.

expect.stringContaining(string) #

expect.stringContaining(string) matches any string that contains the exact provided string.

expect.stringMatching(regexp) #

expect.stringMatching(regexp) matches any string that matches the provided regexp. You can use it inside toEqual or toBeCalledWith instead of a literal value. For example, let’s say you want to test that randomCoolNames() only returns names that are cool:

function randomCoolName() {
  
  let lastName = (
    'TRFGBNMPLZ'[Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)] +
    'aeiou'[Math.floor(Math.random() * 5)] +
    'mnbvxdstrp'[Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)]);
  return 'Kevin ' + lastName;
}

function randomCoolNames() {
  let answer = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    answer.push(randomCoolName());
  }
  return answer;
}

test('randomCoolNames only returns cool names', () => {
  
  let coolRegex = /^Kevin/;

  expect(randomCoolNames).toEqual(
    expect.arrayContaining(expect.stringMatching(coolRegex)));
});

This example also shows how you can nest multiple asymmetric matchers, with expect.stringMatching inside the expect.arrayContaining.

expect.objectContaining(object) #

expect.objectContaining(object) matches any object that recursively matches the provided keys. This is often handy in conjunction with other asymmetric matchers.

For example, let’s say that we expect an onPress function to be called with an Event object, and all we need to verify is that the event has event.x and event.y properties. We can do that with:

test('onPress gets called with the right thing', () => {
  let onPress = jest.fn();
  simulatePresses(onPress);
  expect(onPress).toBeCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({
    x: expect.any(Number),
    y: expect.any(Number),
  }));
})

.not #

If you know how to test something, .not lets you test its opposite. For example, this code tests that the best La Croix flavor is not coconut:

test('the best flavor is not coconut', () => {
  expect(bestLaCroixFlavor()).not.toBe('coconut');
});

.toBe(value) #

toBe just checks that a value is what you expect. It uses === to check
strict equality.

For example, this code will validate some properties of the beverage object:

const can = {
  ounces: 12,
  name: 'pamplemousse',
};

describe('the can', () => {
  test('has 12 ounces', () => {
    expect(can.ounces).toBe(12);
  });

  test('has a sophisticated name', () => {
    expect(can.name).toBe('pamplemousse');
  });
});

Don’t use toBe with floating-point numbers. For example, due to rounding, in JavaScript 0.2 + 0.1 is not strictly equal to 0.3. If you have floating point numbers, try .toBeCloseTo instead.

.toHaveBeenCalled() #

Also under the alias: .toBeCalled()

Use .toHaveBeenCalled to ensure that a mock function got called.

For example, let’s say you have a drinkAll(drink, flavor) function that takes a drink function and applies it to all available beverages. You might want to check that drink gets called for 'lemon', but not for 'octopus', because 'octopus' flavor is really weird and why would anything be octopus-flavored? You can do that with this test suite:

describe('drinkAll', () => {
  test('drinks something lemon-flavored', () => {
    let drink = jest.fn();
    drinkAll(drink, 'lemon');
    expect(drink).toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  test('does not drink something octopus-flavored', () => {
    let drink = jest.fn();
    drinkAll(drink, 'octopus');
    expect(drink).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
  });
});

.toHaveBeenCalledTimes(number) #

Use .toHaveBeenCalledTimes to ensure that a mock function got called exact number of times.

For example, let’s say you have a drinkEach(drink, Array<flavor>) function that takes a drink function and applies it to array of passed beverages. You might want to check that drink function was called exact number of times. You can do that with this test suite:

test('drinkEach drinks each drink', () => {
  let drink = jest.fn();
  drinkEach(drink, ['lemon', 'octopus']);
  expect(drink).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});

.toHaveBeenCalledWith(arg1, arg2, ...) #

Also under the alias: .toBeCalledWith

Use .toHaveBeenCalledWith to ensure that a mock function was called with specific arguments.

For example, let’s say that you can register a beverage with a register function, and applyToAll(f) should apply the function f to all registered beverages. To make sure this works, you could write:

test('registration applies correctly to orange La Croix', () => {
  let beverage = new LaCroix('orange');
  register(beverage);
  let f = jest.fn();
  applyToAll(f);
  expect(f).toHaveBeenCalledWith(beverage);
});

.toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(arg1, arg2, ...) #

Also under the alias: .lastCalledWith(arg1, arg2, ...)

If you have a mock function, you can use .toHaveBeenLastCalledWith to test what arguments it was last called with. For example, let’s say you have a applyToAllFlavors(f) function that applies f to a bunch of flavors, and you want to ensure that when you call it, the last flavor it operates on is 'mango'. You can write:

test('applying to all flavors does mango last', () => {
  let drink = jest.fn();
  applyToAllFlavors(drink);
  expect(drink).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('mango');
});

.toBeCloseTo(number, numDigits) #

Using exact equality with floating point numbers is a bad idea. Rounding means that intuitive things fail. For example, this test fails:

test('adding works sanely with simple decimals', () => {
  expect(0.2 + 0.1).toBe(0.3); 
});

It fails because in JavaScript, 0.2 + 0.1 is actually 0.30000000000000004. Sorry.

Instead, use .toBeCloseTo. Use numDigits to control how many digits after the decimal point to check. For example, if you want to be sure that 0.2 + 0.1 is equal to 0.3 with a precision of 5 decimal digits, you can use this test:

test('adding works sanely with simple decimals', () => {
  expect(0.2 + 0.1).toBeCloseTo(0.3, 5);
});

The default for numDigits is 2, which has proved to be a good default in most cases.

.toBeDefined() #

Use .toBeDefined to check that a variable is not undefined. For example, if you just want to check that a function fetchNewFlavorIdea() returns something, you can write:

test('there is a new flavor idea', () => {
  expect(fetchNewFlavorIdea()).toBeDefined();
});

You could write expect(fetchNewFlavorIdea()).not.toBe(undefined), but it’s better practice to avoid referring to undefined directly in your code.

.toBeFalsy() #

Use .toBeFalsy when you don’t care what a value is, you just want to ensure a value is false in a boolean context. For example, let’s say you have some application code that looks like:

drinkSomeLaCroix();
if (!getErrors()) {
  drinkMoreLaCroix();
}

You may not care what getErrors returns, specifically — it might return false, null, or 0, and your code would still work. So if you want to test there are no errors after drinking some La Croix, you could write:

test('drinking La Croix does not lead to errors', () => {
  drinkSomeLaCroix();
  expect(getErrors()).toBeFalsy();
});

In JavaScript, there are six falsy values: false, 0, '', null, undefined, and NaN. Everything else is truthy.

.toBeGreaterThan(number) #

To compare floating point numbers, you can use toBeGreaterThan. For example, if you want to test that ouncesPerCan() returns a value of more than 10 ounces, write:

test('ounces per can is more than 10', () => {
  expect(ouncesPerCan()).toBeGreaterThan(10);
});

.toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(number) #

To compare floating point numbers, you can use toBeGreaterThanOrEqual. For example, if you want to test that ouncesPerCan() returns a value of at least 12 ounces, write:

test('ounces per can is at least 12', () => {
  expect(ouncesPerCan()).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(12);
});

.toBeLessThan(number) #

To compare floating point numbers, you can use toBeLessThan. For example, if you want to test that ouncesPerCan() returns a value of less than 20 ounces, write:

test('ounces per can is less than 20', () => {
  expect(ouncesPerCan()).toBeLessThan(20);
});

.toBeLessThanOrEqual(number) #

To compare floating point numbers, you can use toBeLessThanOrEqual. For example, if you want to test that ouncesPerCan() returns a value of at most 12 ounces, write:

test('ounces per can is at most 12', () => {
  expect(ouncesPerCan()).toBeLessThanOrEqual(12);
});

.toBeInstanceOf(Class) #

Use .toBeInstanceOf(Class) to check that an object is an instance of a class. This matcher uses instanceof underneath.

class A {}

expect(new A()).toBeInstanceOf(A);
expect(() => {}).toBeInstanceOf(Function);
expect(new A()).toBeInstanceOf(Function); 

.toBeNull() #

.toBeNull() is the same as .toBe(null) but the error messages are a bit nicer. So use .toBeNull() when you want to check that something is null.

function bloop() {
  return null;
}

test('bloop returns null', () => {
  expect(bloop()).toBeNull();
});

.toBeTruthy() #

Use .toBeTruthy when you don’t care what a value is, you just want to ensure a value is true in a boolean context. For example, let’s say you have some application code that looks like:

drinkSomeLaCroix();
if (thirstInfo()) {
  drinkMoreLaCroix();
}

You may not care what thirstInfo returns, specifically — it might return true or a complex object, and your code would still work. So if you just want to test that thirstInfo will be truthy after drinking some La Croix, you could write:

test('drinking La Croix leads to having thirst info', () => {
  drinkSomeLaCroix();
  expect(thirstInfo()).toBeTruthy();
});

In JavaScript, there are six falsy values: false, 0, '', null, undefined, and NaN. Everything else is truthy.

.toBeUndefined() #

Use .toBeUndefined to check that a variable is undefined. For example, if you want to check that a function bestDrinkForFlavor(flavor) returns undefined for the 'octopus' flavor, because there is no good octopus-flavored drink:

test('the best drink for octopus flavor is undefined', () => {
  expect(bestDrinkForFlavor('octopus')).toBeUndefined();
});

You could write expect(bestDrinkForFlavor('octopus')).toBe(undefined), but it’s better practice to avoid referring to undefined directly in your code.

.toContain(item) #

Use .toContain when you want to check that an item is in a list. For testing the items in the list, this uses ===, a strict equality check.

For example, if getAllFlavors() returns a list of flavors and you want to be sure that lime is in there, you can write:

test('the flavor list contains lime', () => {
  expect(getAllFlavors()).toContain('lime');
});

.toContainEqual(item) #

Use .toContainEqual when you want to check that an item is in a list.
For testing the items in the list, this matcher recursively checks the equality of all fields, rather than checking for object identity.

describe('my beverage', () => {
  test('is delicious and not sour', () => {
    const myBeverage = {delicious: true, sour: false};
    expect(myBeverages()).toContainEqual(myBeverage);
  });
});

.toEqual(value) #

Use .toEqual when you want to check that two objects have the same value. This matcher recursively checks the equality of all fields, rather than checking for object identity. For example, toEqual and toBe behave differently in this test suite, so all the tests pass:

const can1 = {
  flavor: 'grapefruit',
  ounces: 12,
};
const can2 = {
  flavor: 'grapefruit',
  ounces: 12,
};

describe('the La Croix cans on my desk', () => {
  test('have all the same properties', () => {
    expect(can1).toEqual(can2);
  });
  test('are not the exact same can', () => {
    expect(can1).not.toBe(can2);
  });
});

.toHaveLength(number) #

Use .toHaveLength to check that an object has a .length property and it is set to a certain numeric value.

This is especially useful for checking arrays or strings size.

expect([1, 2, 3]).toHaveLength(3);
expect('abc').toHaveLength(3);
expect('').not.toHaveLength(5);

.toMatch(regexpOrString) #

Use .toMatch to check that a string matches a regular expression.

For example, you might not know what exactly essayOnTheBestFlavor() returns, but you know it’s a really long string, and the substring grapefruit should be in there somewhere. You can test this with:

describe('an essay on the best flavor', () => {
  test('mentions grapefruit', () => {
    expect(essayOnTheBestFlavor()).toMatch(/grapefruit/);
    expect(essayOnTheBestFlavor()).toMatch(new RegExp('grapefruit'));
  })
})

This matcher also accepts a string, which it will try to match:

describe('grapefruits are healthy', () => {
  test('grapefruits are a fruit', () => {
    expect('grapefruits').toMatch('fruit');
  })
})

.toMatchObject(object) #

Use .toMatchObject to check that a JavaScript object matches a subset of the properties of an object.

const houseForSale = {
    bath: true,
    kitchen: {
        amenities: ['oven', 'stove', 'washer'],
        area: 20,
        wallColor: 'white'
    },
  bedrooms: 4
};
const desiredHouse = {
    bath: true,
    kitchen: {
        amenities: ['oven', 'stove', 'washer'],
        wallColor: 'white'
    }
};

test('the house has my desired features', () => {
  expect(houseForSale).toMatchObject(desiredHouse);
});

.toMatchSnapshot(optionalString) #

This ensures that a value matches the most recent snapshot. Check out the Snapshot Testing guide for more information.

You can also specify an optional snapshot name. Otherwise, the name is inferred from the test.

Note: While snapshot testing is most commonly used with React components, any serializable value can be used as a snapshot.

.toThrow(error) #

Also under the alias: .toThrowError(error)

Use .toThrow to test that a function throws when it is called. For example, if we want to test that drinkFlavor('octopus') throws, because octopus flavor is too disgusting to drink, we could write:

test('throws on octopus', () => {
  expect(() => {
    drinkFlavor('octopus');
  }).toThrow();
});

If you want to test that a specific error gets thrown, you can provide an argument to toThrow. The argument can be a string for the error message, a class for the error, or a regex that should match the error. For example, let’s say that drinkFlavor is coded like this:

function drinkFlavor(flavor) {
  if (flavor == 'octopus') {
    throw new DisgustingFlavorError('yuck, octopus flavor');
  }
  
}

We could test this error gets thrown in several ways:

test('throws on octopus', () => {
  function drinkOctopus() {
    drinkFlavor('octopus');
  }

  
  expect(drinkOctopus).toThrowError('yuck, octopus flavor');

  
  expect(drinkOctopus).toThrowError(/yuck/);

  
  expect(drinkOctopus).toThrowError(DisgustingFlavorError);
});

.toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot() #

Use .toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot to test that a function throws a error matching the most recent snapshot when it is called. For example, let’s say you have a drinkFlavor function that throws whenever the flavor is 'octopus', and is coded like this:

function drinkFlavor(flavor) {
  if (flavor == 'octopus') {
    throw new DisgustingFlavorError('yuck, octopus flavor');
  }
  
}

The test for this function will look this way:

test('throws on octopus', () => {
  function drinkOctopus() {
    drinkFlavor('octopus');
  }

  expect(drinkOctopus).toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot();
});

And it will generate the following snapshot:

exports[`drinking flavors throws on octopus 1`] = `"yuck, octopus flavor"`;

Check out React Tree Snapshot Testing for more information on snapshot testing.