Unity как изменить позицию объекта через скрипт

The position property of a GameObject’s Transform, which is accessible in the Unity Editor and through scripts. Alter this value to move a GameObject. Get this value to locate the GameObject in 3D world space.

using UnityEngine;
public class ExampleClass : MonoBehaviour
{
    //movement speed in units per second
    private float movementSpeed = 5f;
    void Update()
    {
        //get the Input from Horizontal axis
        float horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
        //get the Input from Vertical axis
        float verticalInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
        //update the position
        transform.position = transform.position + new Vector3(horizontalInput * movementSpeed * Time.deltaTime, verticalInput * movementSpeed * Time.deltaTime, 0);
        //output to log the position change
        Debug.Log(transform.position);
    }
}

The example gets the Input from Horizontal and Vertical axes, and moves the GameObject up/down or left/right by changing its position.

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Moving an object in Unity can be very straightforward.

It typically involves modifying the properties of an object’s Transform component, which is used to manage a game object’s scale, rotation and position in the world.

However, there are many different ways you can do that…

And while most methods of moving an object in Unity involve modifying the object’s Transform in some way, the exact method you use will vary depending on the type of movement you want to create.

But don’t worry, because in this article, you’ll learn how and when to use each of the different methods for moving an object in Unity, so that you can use the one that’s right for your project.

Here’s what you’ll find on this page:

• How to move an object in Unity
  • How to use Transform Translate in Unity
  • How to move an object with the keyboard in Unity
  • How to move an object, relative to the camera
• How to move an object to a position in Unity
  • How to move an object to a position at a set speed (using Move Towards)
  • How to move an object to a position in a set time (using Lerp)
  • How to move an object to a position using animation
• How to move an object using physics

Let’s get started.

How to move an object in Unity

The most straightforward method of changing an object’s position in Unity is to set it directly, which will instantly move it to a new vector 3 position in the world.

This works by setting the Position property of an object’s Transform component to a new position.

Like this:

// Moves an object to the set position
transform.position = new Vector3(10, 0, 5);

Or you can add a vector to an object’s position, to move it by a set amount in a specific direction.

Like this:

// Moves an object up 2 units
transform.position += new Vector3(0, 2, 0);

Which looks like this:

It’s possible to modify the properties of an object’s Transform from a script that’s attached to it by using the Transform Property:

Transform myTransform = transform;

The Transform property, which is typed with a lower case ‘t’, allows you to reference the Transform component of an object from a script that’s attached to it, without getting a reference to it first.

Which is useful, as it allows you to easily reference, or change, an object’s own position from a script. 

Like this:

Vector3 myPosition = transform.position;

Modifying a Transform’s position is the most straightforward method of creating movement in Unity.

Either by modifying it directly, over time, or by using the Translate function which allows you to move an object in a specific direction. 

How to use Transform Translate in Unity

The Translate function in Unity moves an object by a set amount, relative to its current position and orientation.

Like this:

void Start()
{
    // Moves the object forward two units.
    transform.Translate(0,0,2);
}

This is different to simply adding a vector to the object’s position, which would move it relative to world space, while Translate will, by default, move an object relative to its own local space.

This means that, when using Translate, passing in a forward vector will move the object in the direction of its blue axis, the Z-Axis.

When it’s called once, Translate moves an object by a set amount one time.

However, by calling it every frame, it’s possible to create continuous movement.

Like this:

void Update()
{
    // Moves the object forward two units every frame.
    transform.Translate(0,0,2);
}

However, there’s a problem with this method.

Because framerates vary between devices and, because each frame often takes a different amount of time to process than the last, the speed of an object’s movement would change depending on the framerate when moving an object in this way.

Instead, multiplying the movement amount by Time.deltaTime, which is the amount of time since the last frame, creates consistent movement that’s measured in units per second.

Like this:

void Update() 
{
    // Moves the object forward at two units per second.
    transform.position = new Vector3(0,0,2) * Time.deltaTime; 
}

Which looks like this:

This works fine, however, it can sometimes be more convenient to manage movement direction and speed separately, by using a Unit Vector to determine the direction and a separate float value to control the speed.

Like this:

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    // Moves the object forward at two units per second.
    transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * speed * Time.deltaTime);
}

This has the same effect as manually typing out the vector, except that the speed is now separate and can easily be changed.

In this example, Vector3.forward is shorthand for (0,0,1) which is the forward direction in world space.

Multiplying Vector3.forward by the speed value, in this case 2, creates the vector (0,0,2) which, when multiplied by Delta Time, creates a forward movement of two units per second.

The result is the same as when manually typing out the vector, except that the speed is now separate and can easily be controlled.

Vector3.forward   // (0,  0,  1)
Vector3.back      // (0,  0,  -1)
Vector3.up        // (0,  1,  0)
Vector3.down      // (0,  -1, 0)
Vector3.right     // (1,  0,  0)
Vector3.left      // (-1, 0,  0)

transform.forward  // object forward
-transform.forward // object back
transform.up       // object up
-transform.up      // object down
transform.right    // object right
-transform.right   // object left

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    // Moves an object forward, relative to its own rotation.
    transform.position += transform.forward * speed * Time.deltaTime;
}

Creating object-relative movement in this way can be useful for adding player controls, where the player can move an object forward, backwards or sideways using input axes, such as from the keyboard.

How to move an object with the keyboard in Unity

To move an object with the keyboard, or with any other input device, simply multiply the direction of movement you want to apply, such as forward, for example, by the Input Axis you want to use to control it.

In Unity, when using the default Input Manager, you’ll find an Input Axis for Horizontal and Vertical movement already set up and mapped to the WASD keys and arrow keys on the keyboard.

• Input in Unity made easy (a complete guide to the new system)

Each axis returns a value between -1 and 1, which means that you can use the value that’s returned to create a movement vector.

Like this:

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    float x = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
    float z = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
    Vector3 movement = new Vector3(x, 0, z);
    transform.Translate(movement * speed * Time.deltaTime);
}

This allows you to create object-relative movement controls using the keyboard or any other input device.

Which looks like this:

Vector3 movement = new Vector3(x, 0, z).normalized;

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    float x = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
    float z = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
    Vector3 movement = new Vector3(x, 0, z);
    movement = Vector3.ClampMagnitude(movement, 1);
    transform.Translate(movement * speed * Time.deltaTime);
}

The Translate function creates movement that’s relative to the Transform component that it’s called from.

However, you may not always want to create player-relative movement.

So how can you move an object in a direction that’s relative to a different object, such as the camera, for example?

How to move an object, relative to the camera

It’s possible to move an object relative to the position of the camera in Unity by using the camera’s forward vector in place of the object’s forward vector.

Like this:

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    Transform camTransform = Camera.main.transform;
    Vector3 forwardMovement = camTransform.forward * Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
    Vector3 horizontalMovement = camTransform.right * Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
    Vector3 movement = Vector3.ClampMagnitude(forwardMovement + horizontalMovement,1);
    transform.Translate(movement * speed * Time.deltaTime, Space.World);
}

Because the movement is relative to the camera’s position, the Relative To parameter in the Translate function needs to be set to World Space for this to work.

However, there’s a problem…

The forward vector of the camera may, in some cases, be facing at an angle, down towards the player, meaning that any movement that’s applied will also push downwards, instead of along a flat plane, as you might expect.

To fix this, you’ll need to manually calculate the direction between the camera and the object, while leaving out any rotation that you want to ignore. 

To calculate a direction, all you need to do is subtract the position of the origin from the position of the target and then, normalise the result.

Like this:

Vector3 direction = (transform.position - Camera.main.transform.position).normalized;

To ignore the difference in height between the camera and the object it’s looking at, simply create a new Vector 3 that replaces the camera’s height with the object’s instead.

Like this:

Transform camTransform = Camera.main.transform;
Vector3 camPosition = new Vector3(
    camTransform.position.x, 
    transform.position.y, 
    camTransform.position.z);
Vector3 direction = (transform.position - camPosition).normalized;

This will return a direction that is looking towards the object, but isn’t looking up or down.

You can then use the corrected direction that’s created to calculate movement that’s relative to the camera on a flat plane.

Like this:

public float speed = 2;
void Update()
{
    Transform camTransform = Camera.main.transform;
    Vector3 camPosition = new Vector3(camTransform.position.x, transform.position.y, camTransform.position.z);
    Vector3 direction = (transform.position - camPosition).normalized;
    Vector3 forwardMovement = direction * Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
    Vector3 horizontalMovement = camTransform.right * Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
    Vector3 movement = Vector3.ClampMagnitude(forwardMovement + horizontalMovement, 1);
    transform.Translate(movement * speed * Time.deltaTime, Space.World);
}

Which looks like this:

By understanding the relative direction of an object, it’s possible to create any kind of movement control that you want.

However, a lot of the time, you may want to move an object in a different way, that’s not directly controlled by the player.

For example, moving an object to a set position or towards another object.

How to move an object to a position in Unity

Generally speaking, there are two different ways to move an object into a specific position.

1. By speed, where the object moves towards a target at a specific speed,
2. By time, where the movement between the two points takes a specific amount of time to complete.

The method you use will depend on how you want to control the object’s movement, by time or by speed.

Here’s how both methods work…

How to move an object to a position at a set speed (using Move Towards)

It’s possible to move an object towards another object or a specific position in the scene using the Move Towards function.

Move Towards is a function of the Vector 3 Class that will modify a Vector 3 value to move towards a target at a set speed without overshooting.

Which works great for moving an object towards a position in the world at a speed you can control.

Like this:

public Vector3 targetPosition;
public float speed=10;
void Update()
{
    transform.position = Vector3.MoveTowards(transform.position, targetPosition, speed * Time.deltaTime);
}

The movement can also be smoothed, by using the Smooth Damp function, which eases the movement as it starts and ends.

Like this:

public Vector3 targetPosition;
public float smoothTime = 0.5f; 
public float speed = 10;
Vector3 velocity;
void Update()
{
    transform.position = Vector3.SmoothDamp(transform.position, targetPosition, ref velocity, smoothTime, speed);
}

This works by setting the position of the object to the Vector 3 result of the Smooth Damp function, passing in a target, the current position and a reference Vector 3 value, which the function uses to process the velocity of the object between frames.

This can be useful for smoothed continuous movement, where the target position may change from one moment to the next such as when following the player with a camera.

Such as in this example of a smooth camera follow script using Smooth Damp:

public Transform player;
public float cameraDistance = 5;
public float cameraHeight = 3;
public float smoothTime = 0.5f;
public float speed = 10;
Vector3 velocity;
void Update()
{
    transform.LookAt(player.transform);
    Vector3 offset = (Camera.main.transform.position - player.position).normalized * cameraDistance;
    Vector3 targetPosition = player.position + offset;
    targetPosition.y = cameraHeight;
    transform.position = Vector3.SmoothDamp(transform.position, targetPosition, ref velocity, smoothTime, speed);
}

In this example, the camera will smoothly move towards the player and turn to face them, while keeping at a height of 3 units and trying to stay at a distance of 5 units away.

Move Towards works great as a way to move an object towards a position dynamically.

This is because the movement is speed-based, and can be controlled even if the target position moves or is unknown.

However, there are many times where you may simply want to move an object to a known position over a set period of time.

Such as moving a platform, or opening a door.

So how so you create time-based movement in Unity?

How to move an object to a position in a set time (using Lerp)

Lerp, or Linear Interpolation, is used to find a value between a minimum and maximum based on a position value, ‘t’, which is a float between zero and one.

The value that’s returned depends on the value of t where, if t is 0 the minimum value is returned, while 1 returns the maximum value. 

Any other value in-between 0 and 1 will return a representative value between the minimum and maximum ends of the scale.

float lerpedValue = Mathf.Lerp(float minValue, float maxValue, float t);

Typically, Lerp is used to change a value over a period of time, by incrementing t every frame to return a new value on the scale.

This can be used to change a colour, fade an audio source or move an object between two points.

• The right way to use Lerp in Unity (with examples)

It works by passing in the amount of time that has elapsed during the Lerp, divided by the total duration. This returns a 0-1 float that can be used for the t value, and allows you to control the length of the Lerp movement by simply choosing how long you’d like it to take.

Like this:

float timeElapsed;
float lerpDuration = 3;
float lerpedValue;
void Update()
{
  if (timeElapsed < lerpDuration)
  {
    lerpedValue = Mathf.Lerp(0, 100, timeElapsed / lerpDuration);
    timeElapsed += Time.deltaTime;
  }
}

Vector3.Lerp works in the same way except that, instead of returning a float, it returns a point in the world between two others, based on the t value.

This can be useful for moving an object between two different positions, such as a door with an open and closed state.

Like this:

public float openHeight = 4.5f;
public float duration = 1;
bool doorOpen;
Vector3 closePosition;
void Start()
{
    // Sets the first position of the door as it's closed position.
    closePosition = transform.position;
}
void OperateDoor()
{
    StopAllCoroutines();
    if (!doorOpen)
    {
        Vector3 openPosition = closePosition + Vector3.up * openHeight;
        StartCoroutine(MoveDoor(openPosition));
    }
    else
    {
        StartCoroutine(MoveDoor(closePosition));
    }
    doorOpen = !doorOpen;
}
IEnumerator MoveDoor(Vector3 targetPosition)
{
    float timeElapsed = 0;
    Vector3 startPosition = transform.position;
    while (timeElapsed < duration)
    {
        transform.position = Vector3.Lerp(startPosition, targetPosition, timeElapsed / duration);
        timeElapsed += Time.deltaTime;
        yield return null;
    }
    transform.position = targetPosition;
}

In this example, I’ve used a coroutine to move the door object up by a set distance from the door’s starting position, whenever the Operate Door function is called.

Which looks like this:

This creates a linear movement from one position to another, however, it’s also possible to smooth the Lerp’s movement using the Smooth Step function.

This works by modifying the t value with the Smooth Step function before passing it into Lerp.

Like this:

float t = Mathf.SmoothStep(0, 1, timeElapsed / moveDuration);

This will ease the movement of the object at the beginning and end of the Lerp.

These methods work well for creating controlled precise movements in Unity.

But, what if you don’t want to control an object’s movement precisely?

What if you’d rather push, pull or throw an object, to create movement using physical forces instead?

How to move an object using physics

Most rendered objects in Unity have a Collider component attached to them, which gives them a physical presence in the world.

However, an object with only a Collider is considered to be static, meaning that, generally speaking, it’s not supposed to move.

To actually move an object under physics simulation, you’ll also need to add a Rigidbody component to it, which allows it to move, and be moved, by physical forces, such as gravity.

You can also move a physics object by applying force to its Rigidbody using the Add Force function.

Like this:

Rigidbody.AddForce(Vector3 force);

This works in a similar way to the Translate function except that the vector you pass in is a physical force, not a movement amount.

How much the object moves as a result will depend on physical properties such as mass, drag and gravity.

There are two main ways to apply physical force on an object.

You can either apply force continuously, building momentum and speed over time, or all at once in an impulse, like hitting an object to move it.

By default, the Add Force function applies a continuous force, like a thruster gradually lifting a rocket.

Like this:

public Rigidbody rb;
public float forceAmount = 10;
void FixedUpdate()
{
    rb.AddForce(Vector3.up * forceAmount);
}

Notice that I’ve used Fixed Update, and not Update, to apply the force to the object.

This is because Fixed Update is called in sync with the physics system, which runs at a different frequency to Update, which is often faster and can vary from frame to frame.

Doing it this way means that the application of force is in sync with the physics system that it affects.

Alternatively, you can also apply force in a single burst, using the Impulse Force Mode.

Like this:

public Rigidbody rb;
public float forceAmount = 10;
void Start()
{
    rb.AddForce(Vector3.up * forceAmount, ForceMode.Impulse);
}

This will apply an amount of force to an object all at once:

Which can be useful for faster, more explosive movements, such as making an object jump.

• How to jump in Unity (with or without physics)

When you add a Gameobject in the Unity scene the first thing that you notice in the inspector window is the Transform component. Unity transform defines the position, rotation, and size of a Gameobject in the game world. Transform is the most basic component in Unity but it’s also the most important. You cannot define a Gameobject in Unity without Transform. Even an empty Gameobject has the Transform component. In this post, we will see what the Unity transform component does and how you can use it in your game.

What is Transform in Unity?

Unity Transform is a class like any other component in Unity. This class contains three important properties. These are position, rotation, and scale.

Position defines the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the Gameobject. Rotation is the degree of rotation of the Gameobject in the X, Y, and Z-axis. The scale is the size of the Gameobject in these coordinates. One important thing to take note of here is all these values are relative to the Gameobject’s parent object. Say, the transform position of the Gameobject is 0,0,5 and it’s a child of another object which is at the position 0,0,5 then the overall position of the child is 0,0,10 from the origin.

Unity Transform major properties

Unity Transform position

Position as the name suggests is used to change the position of the object in the scene. But it cannot be used to move players with physics as when you change the transform position the object is teleported from the initial position to the target position.

You can use it in the following cases

1. Find the location of any Gameobject in the scene.
2. To spawn a Gameobject to a particular location.
3. Move an object without satisfying physics laws.
4. To make the camera follow the player.
5. Define target location of moving objects.

Example script

in Unity Transform position requires a Vector3 for a 3D object and a Vector2 for a 2D object.

vector3 newpos= new vector3(0,10,0);
Void Start()
{
transform.position= newpos;
}

Above code moves the object to 0,10,0 when the object is initialized.

Unity Transform Rotation

Rotation specifies the orientation of the Gameobject in the scene. Depending upon the axis of rotation the value of the X, Y, and Z coordinates will vary. Rotation is described in Euler angles in Unity and quaternion is used to store the data. Don’t get afraid of the name Quaternion, it’s just a variable type to store the rotation data. If you want to get into the mathematics part of quaternion you can read this article from mathworld.

Rotation can be used for many things in a game. Some examples are below

1. Rotate the camera in the game to change the view.
2. You can spin an object continuously using rotation.
3. Rotate light to get day and night cycle.
4. Get the object orientation.
5. Tilt an object.

Sample Rotation script

Even though a quaternion is needed to save the rotation data you can save individual axis data in float variable.

quaternion rot;
float xrot;
float yrot;
float zrot;
void Start()
{
rot=transform.rotation;
xrot=rot.x;
yrot=rot.y;
zrot=rot.z;
}
Void Update()
{
xrot+=5;
rot.x=xrot;
transform.rotation=rot;
}

This script takes the rotation of the object into a variable rot and then saves the individual axis data in xrot, yrot and zrot when the script is initialized. It then rotates the object by 5 degrees every frame along the x axis.

Unity Transform Scale

Transform scale is the least used transform. Mostly the object transform is set at the beginning in the inspector window and then left untouched. The reason why the scale is not disturbed during gameplay is it can make the object look absurd and might interfere with other gameobjects. So, unless you are very sure of the outcome of changing the scale it’s better to set it beforehand.

Understanding Local Transform

In Unity or 3D space in general, there are two spaces used for reference. One is global space and the other is local space. Let’s see an example to understand it better. Say there is a ball in the coordinate 10,0,0 and you want to move it to 0,0,0 in world space. But the ball has a parent to it which is in the coordinate -20,0,0. Now to move the ball to 0,0,0 you must know the object’s location with respect to world space.

The coordinates of the child are always with respect to the parent. So, the actual position of the child ball object in world space is -10,0,0 but in local space, it is 10,0,0. So to move the object to 0,0,0 in the world space you need to add 10,0,0 to the position of the child.

In Unity, this difference is obtained using the local keyword. If you want to move the object relative to the parent then you should use transform.localPosition rather than transform.postion. Local space can be confusing in the beginning but you will understand it as you apply it in your game.

There are many other features of Unity Transform but this summarizes the basics you need to understand to make simple games. If you have any queries leave them in the comment below.

Unity transform other important properties

Transform.Up

Returns the axis representing the top of the gameobject. In other words, the red axis in the gizmo.

Transform.Right

Returns the axis representing the right side of the gameobject. Unlike Vector3 in Unity, transform considers the rotation of the game object.

Transform.forward

Returns the direction in which the game object is facing. You can use this to move the object in the direction it’s facing.

Transform.parent

Returns the parent of the game object.

Transform.eulerAngles

Returns the rotation of the game object in Euler angle degrees.

Transform.childCount

Returns the number of children the gameobject has in the hierarchy.

Important public methods of Unity transform

Transform.Find

This method is very similar to Gameobject.find but can only be used to find the child of this gameobject. You can find the gameobject’s child using its name in this method. You can also find the child using Transform.GetChild but it takes the index as input.

Transform.Lookat

This is used to set the forward direction of the gameobejct. Can be very useful to make your gameobject point towards the required direction.

Transform.Rotate

Tranform rotation which we came across in the beginning takes a quaternion as input. In order to set the rotation by a few Euler angles you can use Transform.Rotate. You can also use Transform.RotateAround to rotate an object around a axis.

Transform.Translate

It’s used to move an object in Unity in the direction of a vector at a speed equal to the magnitude of the vector.

GameObject

GameObject — основа, контейнер, который содержит в себе все компоненты любой объект в Unity3D. Чтобы удалить, к примеру, игровой объект — удалять нужно именно GameObject этого объекта. Для доступа к GameObject — используется переменная, которая присутствует по умолчанию в любом скрипте, унаследованном от MonoBehaviour (то есть в любом скрипте, созданном через Unity3D).

Получение ссылки на игровой объект

Данным способом можно из одного скрипта получить ссылку на другие игровые объекты и управлять ими, их дочерними объектами, а также их компонентами.

Уничтожение игрового объекта

Данным способом можно удалить игровой объект.

Активация/деактивация игрового объекта

Деактивация объекта аналогична снятия галочки инспекторе Unity3D, которая обведена красным цветом на скриншоте ниже.

Деактивация элемента деактивирует также все его дочерние объекты и останавливает выполнение в их скриптов.

Добавление новых компонентов и скриптов игровому объекту

Таким образом можно добавить абсолютно любой компонент, либо скрипт, который можно добавить в редакторе Unity3D.

Получение доступа к компоненту игрового объекта

Таким же образом можно получить доступ к любому компоненту игрового объекта.

Переименование игрового объекта. Считывание имени объекта

Сделать объект статичным

Данный код аналогичен установке/снятию галочки в редакторе Unity3D (на скрине ниже).

Установить слои игровому объекту, а также считать их

Установить тэг игровому объекту, а также его считывание

Transform

С трансформом всё немного проще — этот компонент не является основой, но тем не менее — является основной и, главное, неотъемлемой частью GameObject’а. Он отвечает за месторасположение объекта на сцене, его «вращении», размерах, а также содержит информацию о дочерних и родительском объектах.

Это единственные компонент, который невозможно удалить из GameObject.

Изменение положение объекта

За положение объекта на сцене отвечает элементы transform.position и transform.localPosition.

Они оба являются переменной типа Vector3 и имеют в себе 3 главных составляющих x,y и z, которые соответствуют координатам в трехмерном пространстве. Следует учитывать, что x, y и z невозможно менять напрямую — они только для чтения. Чтобы добавить единичку к x — нужно добавить к самому transform.position новый Vector3, который равен (1,0,0), что добавить к x единицу, а к y и z — нули.

Чем же отличаются transform.position и transform.localPosition?

Их главное (и единственное отличие) заключается в том, что position — показывает и принимает координаты объекта, относительно мировых координат, а localPosition — относительно родительского объекта. Если же игровой объект является «корневым», то есть у него нет родительских объектов, то position и localPosition будут равны.

Движение объекта

Сначала рассмотрим элементарные варианты.

Как мы уже говорили — position (буду далее использовать именно его, так как отличия от localPosition только в том, относительно чего эти координаты) является переменной типа Vector3. Поэтому для его изменения нужно либо прибавить к нему другой вектор, либо вычесть другой вектор, либо заменить его другим вектором.

Рекомендуется использовать функцию transform.Translate. 

Это уже не переменная, как transform.position — это функция. У неё есть два входящих параметра:

1. Vector3, который отвечает за то, в каком направлении будет двигаться объект;
2. Space.Self/Space.World — то, относительно чего будет двигаться игровой объект. Space.Self — аналогичен transform.localPosition, а Space.World — аналогичен transform.position.

Вращение объекта

За вращение объекта отвечает компонент transform.rotation, transform.localRotation и функция transform.Rotate.

Здесь все аналогично transform.position. Кроме одного, несмотря на то, что в редакторе Unity3D Rotation представляет собой Vector3, то есть вращение относительно оси X, оси Y, оси Z.  Но в коде оно представлено в виде кватернионов. Что такое кватернион — отдельная история. И обычно её изучают в вузах. По факту — знание кватернионов не обязательно для разработки игр. К счастью разработчики Unity3D это понимают и сделали две удобные для программистов вещи:

1. Функция transform.Rotate(Vector3 vector, Space.World(либо Self));
2. Функция Quaternion.Euler(float x,float y,float z), которая как раз возвращает кватернион;

Меньше слов — больше кода:

Вместо rotation можно применять localRotation, аналогично position.

Такой подход аналогичен transform.Translate и также является более производительным.

Поиск других объектов на сцене

Есть два подхода поиска объекта на сцене.

1. GameObject.Find(«имяОбъекта»); Он же «пушка по воробьям». Несмотря на кажущуюся скорость — метод является достаточно прожорливым и при частом использовании на большой сцене может стать большой проблемой. Однако он же самый простой способ (хотя и ненадежный). А ненадежный он потому, что редактор Unity3D позволяет давать одинаковые имена объектам. А GameObject.Find возвращает только один элемент, который он найдет первым.
2. transform.FindChild(«имяДочернегоОбъекта») — функция возвращает переменную типа transform нужного объекта. Для доступа к GameObject этого объекта особых усилий прилагать не нужно, так как ссылка на него уже содержится в transform (как и ссылка на transform содержится в GameObject’е).

Также можно запрашивать дочерние элементы по их номеру:

Также дочерний элемент может запросить родительский, а также родительский родительского и так далее:

В следующих статьях будет информация о том, что такое private, public, static, отправление сообщений игровым объектам.

Доброго времени суток.

Сегодня поговорим про движение объекта по нажатию кнопки на экране в Unity3D. Эта тема очень проста, но часто используется в разного рода играх.

Для начала давайте создадим пустой 3D проект. Открываем Unity, нажимаем кнопку в правом верхнем углу с надписью «New». В поле «Project name» указываем название проекта. В строке «Location» указываем расположение проекта на диске. Ниже поля «Location» ставим флажок «3D» и нажимаем «Create project».

Затем создаем куб который будет заменять нам землю (GameObject->3D Object->Cube). Потом сделаем его более плоским и растянем. Открываем окно «Inspector», выделяем наш куб, в параметре «Transform» пункт «Scale» задаем x:10, y:0.2, z:10. У нас должно получится такое полотно:

Теперь перемещаем камеру на координаты x:0,y:5,z:0. Затем поворачиваем ее на 90 градусов по оси x. Затем нам нужно создать объект который мы будем перемещать. Создаем сферу (GameObject->3D Object->Sphere), задаем параметр «Position» в «Transform» как x:0, y:1, z:0. После этого чтобы лучше видеть нашу сцену ищем на вкладке «Hierarchy» объект с именем «Directional Light» и задаем ему параметр «Rotation» в «Transform» как x:180, y:-30, z:0. Наш проект теперь должен выглядеть вот так:

Теперь нам нужна кнопка, по нажатию которой мы будем определять двигать ли наш объект. Сначала создаем экран на котором будет располагаться наша кнопка (GameObject->UI->Canvas). Следующий этап — создаем кнопку (GameObject->UI->Button). Затем надо написать скрипт для перемещения нашей сферы. В окне «Project» выбираем «Create», а там выбираем C# Script. Далее приведен код:

using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class Move : MonoBehaviour {

    //Наш объект.
    public GameObject Sphere;

    //Целочисленная переменная определяющая дистанцию перемещения.
    public int S;

    //Метод который будет выполнятся по нажатию нашей кнопки.
    public void OnButtonDown()
    {
        //Задаем нашей переменной целочисленное значение 1 или 2.
        S = Random.Range(1, 2);
        //Перемещаем наш объект на S расстояние по оси x.
        Sphere.transform.Translate(S, 0, 0);  
    }
}

Сначала создаем переменную нашего объекта для перемещения. Вторая переменная — это расстояние на которое мы будем перемещать объект. Публичный метод «OnButtonDown» отвечает за перемещение при нажатии кнопки. Сначала задаем переменной S значение 1 или 2, после чего двигаем объект по оси X на S расстояние.

Затем выделяем нашу кнопку, в панели «Inspector» в самом низу нажимаем кнопку «Add Component», выбираем в «Scripts» наш код. Далее в компоненте «Button» снизу в пункте «On Click ()» нажимаем «+». Нажимаем на получившееся окно в параметре «On Click ()» в поле, где стоит «None (Object)». В нем выбираем нашу кнопку. Вот как это должно выглядеть:

Потом в нашем параметре «On Click ()» выбираем блок в котором стоит «No Function», внутри него выбираем название нашего кода, а в нем выбираем метод «OnButtonDown()». Теперь когда кнопка настроена переходим к коду. В окне «Inspector» должен отображаться компонент с названием нашего кода. В поле «Sphere» выбираем нашу сферу. Вот что должно получится:

Затем в окне «Game» нажимаем на «Maximize On Play». Теперь нажимаем на кнопку запуска игры. На экране отображается наша кнопка. Если кликнуть по ней, то наша сфера переместится по оси X.

До нажатия:

После нажатия:

Большое спасибо за прочтение публикации. Надеюсь, Вы приобрели для себя новые знания.