Use error boundary

What’s wrong with this code?

import * as React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'

function Greeting({subject}) {
  return <div>Hello {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function Farewell({subject}) {
  return <div>Goodbye {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Greeting />
      <Farewell />
    </div>
  )
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))

If you send that to production, your users are going to get the white screen of
sadness:

If you run this with create-react-app’s error overlay (during development),
you’ll get this:

The problem is we need to either pass a subject prop (as a string) or default
the subject prop’s value. Obviously, this is contrived, but runtime errors
happen all of the time and that’s why it’s a good idea to gracefully handle such
errors. So let’s leave this error in for a moment and see what tools React has
for us to handle runtime errors like this.

try/catch?

The naive approach to handling this kind of error would be to add a try/catch:

import * as React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'

function ErrorFallback({error}) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <p>Something went wrong:</p>
      <pre style={{color: 'red'}}>{error.message}</pre>
    </div>
  )
}

function Greeting({subject}) {
  try {
    return <div>Hello {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
  } catch (error) {
    return <ErrorFallback error={error} />
  }
}

function Farewell({subject}) {
  try {
    return <div>Goodbye {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
  } catch (error) {
    return <ErrorFallback error={error} />
  }
}

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Greeting />
      <Farewell />
    </div>
  )
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))

That «works»:

But, it may be ridiculous of me, but what if I don’t want to wrap every
component in my app in a try/catch block? In regular JavaScript, you can
simply wrap the calling function in a try/catch and it’ll catch any errors in
the functions it calls. Let’s try that here:

import * as React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'

function ErrorFallback({error}) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <p>Something went wrong:</p>
      <pre style={{color: 'red'}}>{error.message}</pre>
    </div>
  )
}

function Greeting({subject}) {
  return <div>Hello {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function Farewell({subject}) {
  return <div>Goodbye {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function App() {
  try {
    return (
      <div>
        <Greeting />
        <Farewell />
      </div>
    )
  } catch (error) {
    return <ErrorFallback error={error} />
  }
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))

Unfortunately, this doesn’t work. And that’s because we’re not the ones calling
Greeting and Farewell. React calls those functions. When we use them in JSX,
we’re simply creating React elements with those functions as the type. Telling
React that «if the App is rendered, here are the other components that will
need to be called.» But we’re not actually calling them, so the try/catch
won’t work.

I’m not too disappointed by this to be honest, because try/catch is inherently
imperative and I’d prefer a declarative way to handle errors in my app anyway.

React Error Boundary

This is where the
Error Boundary feature comes
in to play. An «Error Boundary» is a special component that you write to handle
runtime errors like those above. For a component to be an Error Boundary:

1. It must be a class component 🙁
2. It must implement either getDerivedStateFromError or componentDidCatch.

Luckily, we have react-error-boundary
which exposes the last Error Boundary component anyone needs to write because it
gives you all the tools you need to declaratively handle runtime errors in your
React apps.

So let’s add react-error-boundary and
render the ErrorBoundary component:

import * as React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import {ErrorBoundary} from 'react-error-boundary'

function ErrorFallback({error}) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <p>Something went wrong:</p>
      <pre style={{color: 'red'}}>{error.message}</pre>
    </div>
  )
}

function Greeting({subject}) {
  return <div>Hello {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function Farewell({subject}) {
  return <div>Goodbye {subject.toUpperCase()}</div>
}

function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <ErrorBoundary FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}>
        <Greeting />
        <Farewell />
      </ErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  )
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))

And that works perfectly:

Error Recovery

The nice thing about this is you can almost think about the ErrorBoundary
component the same way you do a try/catch block. You can wrap it around a
bunch of React components to handle lots of errors, or you can scope it down to
a specific part of the tree to have more granular error handling and recovery.
react-error-boundary gives us all the
tools we need to manage this as well.

Here’s a more complex example:

function ErrorFallback({error, resetErrorBoundary}) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <p>Something went wrong:</p>
      <pre style={{color: 'red'}}>{error.message}</pre>
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  )
}

function Bomb({username}) {
  if (username === 'bomb') {
    throw new Error('💥 CABOOM 💥')
  }
  return `Hi ${username}`
}

function App() {
  const [username, setUsername] = React.useState('')
  const usernameRef = React.useRef(null)

  return (
    <div>
      <label>
        {`Username (don't type "bomb"): `}
        <input
          placeholder={`type "bomb"`}
          value={username}
          onChange={e => setUsername(e.target.value)}
          ref={usernameRef}
        />
      </label>
      <div>
        <ErrorBoundary
          FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}
          onReset={() => {
            setUsername('')
            usernameRef.current.focus()
          }}
          resetKeys={[username]}
        >
          <Bomb username={username} />
        </ErrorBoundary>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Here’s what that experience is like:

You’ll notice that if you type «bomb», the Bomb component is replaced by the
ErrorFallback component and you can recover by either changing the username
(because that’s in the resetKeys prop) or by clicking «Try again» because
that’s wired up to resetErrorBoundary and we have an onReset that resets our
state to a username that won’t trigger the error all over again.

Handle all errors

Unfortunately, there are some errors that React doesn’t/can’t hand off to our
Error Boundary. To quote
the React docs:

Error boundaries do not catch errors for:

• Event handlers
  (learn more)
• Asynchronous code (e.g. setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks)
• Server side rendering
• Errors thrown in the error boundary itself (rather than its children)

Most of the time, folks will manage some error state and render something
different in the event of an error, like so:

function Greeting() {
  const [{status, greeting, error}, setState] = React.useState({
    status: 'idle',
    greeting: null,
    error: null,
  })

  function handleSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault()
    const name = event.target.elements.name.value
    setState({status: 'pending'})
    fetchGreeting(name).then(
      newGreeting => setState({greeting: newGreeting, status: 'resolved'}),
      newError => setState({error: newError, status: 'rejected'}),
    )
  }

  return status === 'rejected' ? (
    <ErrorFallback error={error} />
  ) : status === 'resolved' ? (
    <div>{greeting}</div>
  ) : (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <label>Name</label>
      <input id="name" />
      <button type="submit" onClick={handleClick}>
        get a greeting
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}

Unfortunately, doing things that way means that you have to maintain TWO ways to
handle errors:

1. Runtime errors
2. fetchGreeting errors

Luckily, react-error-boundary also
exposes a simple hook to help with these situations as well. Here’s how you
could use that to side-step this entirely:

function Greeting() {
  const [{status, greeting}, setState] = React.useState({
    status: 'idle',
    greeting: null,
  })
  const handleError = useErrorHandler()

  function handleSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault()
    const name = event.target.elements.name.value
    setState({status: 'pending'})
    fetchGreeting(name).then(
      newGreeting => setState({greeting: newGreeting, status: 'resolved'}),
      error => handleError(error),
    )
  }

  return status === 'resolved' ? (
    <div>{greeting}</div>
  ) : (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <label>Name</label>
      <input id="name" />
      <button type="submit" onClick={handleClick}>
        get a greeting
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}

So when our fetchGreeting promise is rejected, the handleError function is
called with the error and react-error-boundary will make that propagate to the
nearest error boundary like usual.

Alternatively, let’s say you’re using a hook that gives you the error:

function Greeting() {
  const [name, setName] = React.useState('')
  const {status, greeting, error} = useGreeting(name)
  useErrorHandler(error)

  function handleSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault()
    const name = event.target.elements.name.value
    setName(name)
  }

  return status === 'resolved' ? (
    <div>{greeting}</div>
  ) : (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <label>Name</label>
      <input id="name" />
      <button type="submit" onClick={handleClick}>
        get a greeting
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}

In this case, if the error is ever set to a truthy value, then it will be
propagated to the nearest error boundary.

In either case, you could handle those errors like this:

const ui = (
  <ErrorBoundary FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}>
    <Greeting />
  </ErrorBoundary>
)

And now that’ll handle your runtime errors as well as the async errors in the
fetchGreeting or useGreeting code.

Note: you might be interested to know that the
implementation
of useErrorHandler is only 6 lines long 😉

Conclusion

Error Boundaries have been a feature in React for years and we’re still in this
awkward situation of handling runtime errors with Error Boundaries and handling
other error states within our components when we would be much better off
reusing our Error Boundary components for both. If you haven’t already given
react-error-boundary a try, definitely
give it a solid look!

Good luck.

While catching errors before they hit production is ideal, some of them, such as network errors, might slip through testing and impact your users.

If your React components are not properly catching errors thrown by third-party libraries or React hooks, such errors either end-up crashing the React lifecycle or reaching the top-level of the main execution thread, resulting in the “white screen” scenario:

As of React 16, errors that were not caught […] will result in unmounting of the whole React component tree

It is crucial that your application gracefully handle such errors by providing proper visual feedback and potential actions (ex: retry mechanisms).

Fortunately, implementing such UX patterns can be achieved with little work with the React API and, for the most advanced UX, with the help of lightweight React libraries.

Using JavaScript’s try-catch around React hooks calls won’t work due to the asynchronous nature of their execution. However, React API offers the Error boundaries mechanism to catch all types of errors that might “bubble out” from a component.

For example, if the <ComponentA /> is wrapped in a React Error boundary, the error propagation will stop at the Error Boundary level, preventing the React App from crashing:

This article will cover how to implement Error Boundaries in your application, from simple error catching to displaying visual feedback and providing retry mechanisms.

Simple Error Boundaries: Catching and Reporting Errors

Behind its sophisticated name, an Error Boundary is just a plain class React component implementing the componentDidCatch(error) method:

class ErrorBoundarySimple extends React.Component {

   componentDidCatch(error) {
      // report the error to your favorite Error Tracking tool (ex: Sentry, Bugsnag)
   }


   render() {
      return  this.props.children;
   }

}

Note: React is not yet offering a hook-based alternative to implement error boundaries.

As showcased in this CodeSandbox, the componentDidCatch() class method will be called as soon as an error reaches our MyErrorBoundary component, allowing us to prevent the React app from crashing and forwarding the error to our error reporting tool. (The CodeSandbox might display a development error overlay that only shows in development, you can dismiss it to see the rendering result).

Let’s make our <ErrorBoundarySimple> more friendly by adding simple visual feedback when errors are raised. For this, we add some state to ErrorBoundarySimple and use the getDerivedStateFromError() method, as follows: 

class ErrorBoundarySimple extends React.Component {
  state = { hasError: false };

  componentDidCatch(error: unknown) {
    // report the error to your favorite Error Tracking tool (ex: Sentry, Bugsnag)
    console.error(error);
  }

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: unknown) {
    // Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
    return { hasError: true };
  }

  render() {
    if (this.state.hasError) {
      return <p>Failed to fetch users.</p>;
    }

    return this.props.children;
  }
}

React expects the detDerivedStateFromError() method to return the state value to apply to out <ErrorBoundarySimple> when an error occurs.

With the above setup, any error in the <Chat> component (or its descendant) would be caught in the Error Boundary wrapping the <Chat> component (not the “App” Error Boundary), allowing us to give a contextualized visual feedback. However, any error coming from all <App> descendants (excluding <Chat> and <TodoList>) will be caught by the “App” Error Boundary.

With a few lines of code, we just greatly improved our user experience by gracefully handling errors in our application.

However, such simple Error Boundaries implementations do have limitations. First, according to the React documentation, Error boundaries do not catch errors for:

• Event handlers 
• Asynchronous code (e.g. setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks)
• Server-side rendering
• Errors thrown in the error boundary itself (rather than its children)

And, the previously showcased Error Boundaries do not provide any action to the user to recover from the error, for example, with a retry mechanism. In the next section, we will see how to leverage the react-error-boundary library to handle all these edge cases.

Advanced Error Boundaries: Catching all Errors and Retry Mechanisms

Let’s now provide a superior error handling user experience by catching all kinds of errors and exposing recovery actions to the users. For this, we will use the react-error-boundary library which can be installed as follows:

npm install --save react-error-boundary

yarn add react-error-boundary

Provide a Retry Mechanism

Our new CodeSandbox defines a <Users> component that will fail to load users 50% of the time. (The CodeSandbox might display a development error overlay that only shows in development, you can dismiss it to see the rendering result).

Let’s use react-error-boundary to properly catch errors and provide a retry mechanism:

import { ErrorBoundary, FallbackProps } from "react-error-boundary";
import { Users } from "./Users";

function ErrorFallback({ error, resetErrorBoundary }: FallbackProps) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <p>Failed to load users:</p>
      <pre>{error.message}</pre>
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  );
}

export default function App(): JSX.Element {
  return (
    <div className="App">
      <h1>Hello CodeSandbox</h1>
      <h2>Start editing to see some magic happen!</h2>
      <ErrorBoundary FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}>
        {/* Users will fail to load 50% of the time */}
        <Users />
      </ErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  );
}

<ErrorBoundary> takes one mandatory FallbackComponent= prop that should be the react component or JSX that will be rendered in case of error. In the case of a component, this FallbackComponent= function will receive FallbackProps:

• error can be used to display the error.
• resetErrorBoundary is a callback to reset the error state and re-render the children’s components. 

An ononError prop can also be provided to forward the error to your favorite error reporting tool (ex: Sentry). The react-error-boundary documentation showcases how to leverage other props (ex: onReset=) to handle more advanced scenarios.

Catching all Errors

As aforementioned, Error boundaries do not catch errors for:

• Event handlers (learn more)
• Asynchronous code (e.g. setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks)

Because such errors happen outside of the React rendering lifecycle, Error boundaries won’t be invoked. Again, react-error-boundary has us covered by providing a handleError() hook that helps with catching event-related and asynchronous errors.

import { useErrorHandler } from 'react-error-boundary'

function Greeting() {
  const [greeting, setGreeting] = React.useState(null)
  const handleError = useErrorHandler()

  function handleSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault()
    const name = event.target.elements.name.value
    fetchGreeting(name).then(
      newGreeting => setGreeting(newGreeting),
      error => handleError(error),
    )
  }

  return greeting ? (
    <div>{greeting}</div>
  ) : (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <label>Name</label>
      <input id="name" />
      <button type="submit">get a greeting</button>
    </form>
  )
}

Errors happening inside of handleSubmit() function won’t be caught by React rendering lifecycle. For this reason, we use the handleError function provided by react-error-boundary ’s useErrorHandler() to rethrow the error in the React lifecycle so that the nearest ErrorBoundary can catch it.

Conclusion

Behind its sophisticated name, a React Error Boundary is a straightforward way to gracefully handle any kind of error in a React application.

Good products should prevent errors from reaching production but also should use error boundaries to provide contextual feedback and recovery actions to their users in case of unexpected errors.

Meticulous

Meticulous is a tool for software engineers to catch visual regressions in web applications without writing or maintaining UI tests.

Inject the Meticulous snippet onto production or staging and dev environments. This snippet records user sessions by collecting clickstream and network data. When you post a pull request, Meticulous selects a subset of recorded sessions which are relevant and simulates these against the frontend of your application. Meticulous takes screenshots at key points and detects any visual differences. It posts those diffs in a comment for you to inspect in a few seconds. Meticulous automatically updates the baseline images after you merge your PR. This eliminates the setup and maintenance burden of UI testing.

Meticulous isolates the frontend code by mocking out all network calls, using the previously recorded network responses. This means Meticulous never causes side effects and you don’t need a staging environment.

Learn more here.

Authored by Charly Poly